Passage

Numbers 1

Book: Numbers · NASB95

Immediate context (±2 verses)

ASV (ASV)

"1. And Jehovah spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tent of meeting, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying, 2. Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, every male, by their polls; 3. from twenty years old and upward, all that are able to go forth to war in Israel, thou and Aaron shall number them by their hosts. 4. And with you there shall be a man of every tribe; every one head of his fathers' house. 5. And these are the names of the men that shall stand with you. Of Reuben: Elizur the son of Shedeur. 6. Of Simeon: Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. 7. Of Judah: Nahshon the son of Amminadab. 8. Of Issachar: Nethanel the son of Zuar. 9. Of Zebulun: Eliab the son of Helon. 10. Of the children of Joseph: Of Ephraim: Elishama the son of Ammihud. Of Manasseh: Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. 11. Of Benjamin: Abidan the son of Gideoni. 12. Of Dan: Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. 13. Of Asher: Pagiel the son of Ochran. 14. Of Gad: Eliasaph the son of Deuel. 15. Of Naphtali: Ahira the son of Enan. 16. These are they that were called of the congregation, the princes of the tribes of their fathers; they were the heads of the thousands of Israel. 17. And Moses and Aaron took these men that are mentioned by name: 18. And they assembled all the congregation together on the first day of the second month; and they declared their pedigrees after their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, by their polls. 19. As Jehovah commanded Moses, so he numbered them in the wilderness of Sinai. 20. And the children of Reuben, Israel's first-born, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 21. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Reuben, were forty and six thousand and five hundred. 22. Of the children of Simeon, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, those that were numbered thereof, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 23. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Simeon, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred. 24. Of the children of Gad, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 25. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Gad, were forty and five thousand six hundred and fifty. 26. Of the children of Judah, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 27. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Judah, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred. 28. Of the children of Issachar, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 29. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Issachar, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred. 30. Of the children of Zebulun, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 31. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Zebulun, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred. 32. Of the children of Joseph, namely, of the children of Ephraim, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 33. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty thousand and five hundred. 34. Of the children of Manasseh, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 35. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Manasseh, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred. 36. Of the children of Benjamin, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 37. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Benjamin, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred. 38. Of the children of Dan, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 39. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Dan, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred. 40. Of the children of Asher, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 41. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Asher, were forty and one thousand and five hundred. 42. Of the children of Naphtali, their generations, by their families, by their fathers' houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 43. those that were numbered of them, of the tribe of Naphtali, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred. 44. These are they that were numbered, whom Moses and Aaron numbered, and the princes of Israel, being twelve men: they were each one for his fathers' house. 45. So all they that were numbered of the children of Israel by their fathers' houses, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war in Israel; 46. even all they that were numbered were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty. 47. But the Levites after the tribe of their fathers were not numbered among them. 48. For Jehovah spake unto Moses, saying, 49. Only the tribe of Levi thou shalt not number, neither shalt thou take the sum of them among the children of Israel; 50. but appoint thou the Levites over the tabernacle of the testimony, and over all the furniture thereof, and over all that belongeth to it: they shall bear the tabernacle, and all the furniture thereof; and they shall minister unto it, and shall encamp round about the tabernacle. 51. And when the tabernacle setteth forward, the Levites shall take it down; and when the tabernacle is to be pitched, the Levites shall set it up: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. 52. And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every man by his own standard, according to their hosts. 53. But the Levites shall encamp round about the tabernacle of the testimony, that there be no wrath upon the congregation of the children of Israel: and the Levites shall keep the charge of the tabernacle of the testimony. 54. Thus did the children of Israel; according to all that Jehovah commanded Moses, so did they." (Numbers 1:1-54, ASV)

WEB (WEB)

"1. Yahweh spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the Tent of Meeting, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they had come out of the land of Egypt, saying, 2. “Take a census of all the congregation of the children of Israel, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, every male, one by one; 3. from twenty years old and upward, all who are able to go out to war in Israel. You and Aaron shall count them by their divisions. 4. With you there shall be a man of every tribe; everyone head of his fathers’ house. 5. These are the names of the men who shall stand with you: Of Reuben: Elizur the son of Shedeur. 6. Of Simeon: Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. 7. Of Judah: Nahshon the son of Amminadab. 8. Of Issachar: Nethanel the son of Zuar. 9. Of Zebulun: Eliab the son of Helon. 10. Of the children of Joseph: Of Ephraim: Elishama the son of Ammihud. Of Manasseh: Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. 11. Of Benjamin: Abidan the son of Gideoni. 12. Of Dan: Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. 13. Of Asher: Pagiel the son of Ochran. 14. Of Gad: Eliasaph the son of Deuel. 15. Of Naphtali: Ahira the son of Enan.” 16. These are those who were called of the congregation, the princes of the tribes of their fathers; they were the heads of the thousands of Israel. 17. Moses and Aaron took these men who are mentioned by name. 18. They assembled all the congregation together on the first day of the second month; and they declared their ancestry by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, one by one. 19. As Yahweh commanded Moses, so he counted them in the wilderness of Sinai. 20. The children of Reuben, Israel’s firstborn, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, one by one, every male from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 21. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Reuben, were forty-six thousand five hundred. 22. Of the children of Simeon, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, those who were counted of it, according to the number of the names, one by one, every male from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 23. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Simeon, were fifty-nine thousand three hundred. 24. Of the children of Gad, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 25. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Gad, were forty-five thousand six hundred fifty. 26. Of the children of Judah, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 27. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Judah, were seventy-four thousand six hundred. 28. Of the children of Issachar, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 29. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Issachar, were fifty-four thousand four hundred. 30. Of the children of Zebulun, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 31. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Zebulun, were fifty-seven thousand four hundred. 32. Of the children of Joseph, of the children of Ephraim, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 33. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty thousand five hundred. 34. Of the children of Manasseh, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 35. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Manasseh, were thirty-two thousand two hundred. 36. Of the children of Benjamin, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 37. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Benjamin, were thirty-five thousand four hundred. 38. Of the children of Dan, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 39. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Dan, were sixty-two thousand seven hundred. 40. Of the children of Asher, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 41. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Asher, were forty-one thousand five hundred. 42. Of the children of Naphtali, their generations, by their families, by their fathers’ houses, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war; 43. those who were counted of them, of the tribe of Naphtali, were fifty-three thousand four hundred. 44. These are those who were counted, whom Moses and Aaron counted, and the princes of Israel, being twelve men: they were each one for his fathers’ house. 45. So all those who were counted of the children of Israel by their fathers’ houses, from twenty years old and upward, all who were able to go out to war in Israel; 46. even all those who were counted were six hundred three thousand five hundred fifty. 47. But the Levites after the tribe of their fathers were not counted among them. 48. For Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, 49. “Only the tribe of Levi you shall not count, neither shall you take a census of them among the children of Israel; 50. but appoint the Levites over the Tabernacle of the Testimony, and over all its furnishings, and over all that belongs to it. They shall carry the tabernacle, and all its furnishings; and they shall take care of it, and shall encamp around it. 51. When the tabernacle is to move, the Levites shall take it down; and when the tabernacle is to be set up, the Levites shall set it up. The stranger who comes near shall be put to death. 52. The children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every man by his own standard, according to their divisions. 53. But the Levites shall encamp around the Tabernacle of the Testimony, that there may be no wrath on the congregation of the children of Israel: and the Levites shall be responsible for the Tabernacle of the Testimony.” 54. Thus the children of Israel did. According to all that Yahweh commanded Moses, so they did." (Numbers 1:1-54, WEB)

KJV (KJV)

"1. And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tabernacle of the congregation, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying, 2. Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, after their families, by the house of their fathers, with the number of their names, every male by their polls; 3. From twenty years old and upward, all that are able to go forth to war in Israel: thou and Aaron shall number them by their armies. 4. And with you there shall be a man of every tribe; every one head of the house of his fathers. 5. And these are the names of the men that shall stand with you: of the tribe of Reuben; Elizur the son of Shedeur. 6. Of Simeon; Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. 7. Of Judah; Nahshon the son of Amminadab. 8. Of Issachar; Nethaneel the son of Zuar. 9. Of Zebulun; Eliab the son of Helon. 10. Of the children of Joseph: of Ephraim; Elishama the son of Ammihud: of Manasseh; Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. 11. Of Benjamin; Abidan the son of Gideoni. 12. Of Dan; Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai. 13. Of Asher; Pagiel the son of Ocran. 14. Of Gad; Eliasaph the son of Deuel. 15. Of Naphtali; Ahira the son of Enan. 16. These were the renowned of the congregation, princes of the tribes of their fathers, heads of thousands in Israel. 17. And Moses and Aaron took these men which are expressed by their names: 18. And they assembled all the congregation together on the first day of the second month, and they declared their pedigrees after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, by their polls. 19. As the LORD commanded Moses, so he numbered them in the wilderness of Sinai. 20. And the children of Reuben, Israel's eldest son, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 21. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Reuben, were forty and six thousand and five hundred. 22. Of the children of Simeon, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, those that were numbered of them, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 23. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Simeon, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred. 24. Of the children of Gad, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 25. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Gad, were forty and five thousand six hundred and fifty. 26. Of the children of Judah, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 27. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Judah, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred. 28. Of the children of Issachar, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 29. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Issachar, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred. 30. Of the children of Zebulun, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 31. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Zebulun, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred. 32. Of the children of Joseph, namely, of the children of Ephraim, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 33. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty thousand and five hundred. 34. Of the children of Manasseh, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 35. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Manasseh, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred. 36. Of the children of Benjamin, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 37. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Benjamin, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred. 38. Of the children of Dan, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 39. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Dan, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred. 40. Of the children of Asher, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 41. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Asher, were forty and one thousand and five hundred. 42. Of the children of Naphtali, throughout their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 43. Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Naphtali, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred. 44. These are those that were numbered, which Moses and Aaron numbered, and the princes of Israel, being twelve men: each one was for the house of his fathers. 45. So were all those that were numbered of the children of Israel, by the house of their fathers, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war in Israel; 46. Even all they that were numbered were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty. 47. But the Levites after the tribe of their fathers were not numbered among them. 48. For the LORD had spoken unto Moses, saying, 49. Only thou shalt not number the tribe of Levi, neither take the sum of them among the children of Israel: 50. But thou shalt appoint the Levites over the tabernacle of testimony, and over all the vessels thereof, and over all things that belong to it: they shall bear the tabernacle, and all the vessels thereof; and they shall minister unto it, and shall encamp round about the tabernacle. 51. And when the tabernacle setteth forward, the Levites shall take it down: and when the tabernacle is to be pitched, the Levites shall set it up: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death. 52. And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every man by his own standard, throughout their hosts. 53. But the Levites shall pitch round about the tabernacle of testimony, that there be no wrath upon the congregation of the children of Israel: and the Levites shall keep the charge of the tabernacle of testimony. 54. And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did they." (Numbers 1:1-54, KJV)

YLT (YLT)

"1. And Jehovah speaketh unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tent of meeting, on the first of the second month, in the second year of their going out of the land of Egypt, saying: 2. 'Take ye up the sum of all the company of the sons of Israel by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, every male by their polls; 3. from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host in Israel, ye do number them by their hosts, thou and Aaron; 4. and with you there is a man for a tribe, each is a head to the house of his fathers. 5. 'And these [are] the names of the men who stand with you: 'For Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur. 6. 'For Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai. 7. 'For Judah, Nahshon son of Amminadab. 8. 'For Issachar, Nathaneel son of Zuar. 9. 'For Zebulun, Eliab son of Helon. 10. 'For the sons of Joseph, for Ephraim: Elishama son of Ammihud: for Manasseh, Gamaliel son of Pedahzur. 11. 'For Benjamin, Abidan son of Gideoni. 12. 'For Dan, Ahiezer son of Ammishaddai. 13. 'For Asher, Pagiel son of Ocran. 14. 'For Gad, Eliasaph son of Deuel. 15. 'For Naphtali, Ahira son of Enan.' 16. These [are] those called of the company, princes of the tribes of their fathers; they [are] heads of the thousands of Israel. 17. And Moses taketh, Aaron also, these men, who were defined by name, 18. and all the company they assembled on the first of the second month, and they declare their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names from a son of twenty years and upward, by their polls, 19. as Jehovah hath commanded Moses; and he numbereth them in the wilderness of Sinai. 20. And the sons of Reuben, Israel's first-born, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, by their polls, every male from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 21. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Reuben, are six and forty thousand and five hundred. 22. Of the sons of Simeon, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, its numbered ones in the number of names, by their polls, every male from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 23. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Simeon, [are] nine and fifty thousand and three hundred. 24. Of the sons of Gad, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 25. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Gad, [are] five and forty thousand and six hundred and fifty. 26. Of the sons of Judah, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 27. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Judah, [are] four and seventy thousand and six hundred. 28. Of the sons of Issachar, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 29. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Issachar, [are] four and fifty thousand and four hundred. 30. Of the sons of Zebulun, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 31. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Zebulun, [are] seven and fifty thousand and four hundred. 32. Of the sons of Joseph, of the sons of Ephraim, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 33. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Ephraim, [are] forty thousand and five hundred. 34. Of the sons of Manasseh, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 35. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Manasseh, [are] two and thirty thousand and two hundred. 36. Of the sons of Benjamin, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 37. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Benjamin, [are] five and thirty thousand and four hundred. 38. Of the sons of Dan, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 39. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Dan, [are] two and sixty thousand and seven hundred. 40. Of the sons of Asher, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 41. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Asher, [are] one and forty thousand and five hundred. 42. [Of] the sons of Naphtali, their births, by their families, by the house of their fathers, in the number of names, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host, 43. their numbered ones, for the tribe of Naphtali, [are] three and fifty thousand and four hundred. 44. These [are] those numbered, whom Moses numbered, Aaron also, and the princes of Israel, twelve men, each for the house of his fathers, they have been. 45. And they are, all those numbered of the sons of Israel, by the house of their fathers, from a son of twenty years and upward, every one going out to the host in Israel, 46. yea, all those numbered are six hundred thousand, and three thousand, and five hundred and fifty. 47. And the Levites, for the tribe of their fathers, have not numbered themselves in their midst, 48. seeing Jehovah speaketh unto Moses, saying, 49. 'Only, the tribe of Levi thou dost not number, and their sum thou dost not take up in the midst of the sons of Israel; 50. and thou, appoint the Levites over the tabernacle of the testimony, and over all its vessels, and over all that it hath; they bear the tabernacle, and all its vessels, and they serve it; and round about the tabernacle they encamp. 51. 'And in the journeying of the tabernacle, the Levites take it down, and in the encamping of the tabernacle, the Levites raise it up; and the stranger who is coming near is put to death.' 52. And the sons of Israel have encamped, each by his camp, and each by his standard, by their hosts; 53. and the Levites encamp round about the tabernacle of the testimony; and there is no wrath on the company of the sons of Israel, and the Levites have kept the charge of the tabernacle of the testimony. 54. And the sons of Israel do according to all that Jehovah hath commanded Moses; so they have done." (Numbers 1:1-54, YLT)

Setting

Speaker: TBD
Audience: TBD
Location: TBD
Time period: TBD

Theological reading

Patristic / early-church-father exegesis, to be added.

Key words

Theologically-loaded Greek or Hebrew words in this verse may have entries in the lexicon. Curated to roughly 100 contested terms across the corpus, not every word; see Lexicon Roadmap.

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Quoted in

Why these four translations

ris3n chose ASV, WEB, KJV, and YLT for two reasons together. They are the most literal English translations available (formal-equivalence: word-for-word renderings that preserve the Hebrew and Greek grammar rather than smoothing it into modern dynamic-equivalence idiom). And they are in the public domain in the United States, which means fair-use quotation at any length requires no publisher license. Modern licensed translations (NASB95, ESV, NIV) restrict volume of quotation under their copyright terms, so they are not used at stub-level coverage here. NASB95 appears only on hand-curated rich passage hubs under Lockman Foundation's fair-use allowance.

The four:

ASV (American Standard Version, 1901). The basis of the modern critical-text English tradition.
WEB (World English Bible, contemporary). Public-domain revision in the ASV line, in current English.
KJV (King James Version, 1611). Reformation-era, Textus Receptus base.
YLT (Young's Literal Translation, Robert Young, 1862). Hyper-literal preservation of Hebrew and Greek grammar; useful for word-study work even where English reads stiff.

See Bibles for the full per-translation history, translators, textual basis, strengths, and weaknesses.