# Romans 1.20

<!-- type: passage | created: 2026-04-26 | updated: 2026-05-28 -->

**Book:** [Romans](/codex/romans/) · NASB95

## Verse

> For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse. (Romans 1:20, NASB95)

## Immediate context (±2 verses)

**NASB95** ([NASB95](/codex/nasb95/))
> 18. For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, 19. because that which is known about God is evident within them; for God made it evident to them.
>
> **20. For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse.**
>
> 21. For even though they knew God, they did not honor Him as God or give thanks, but they became futile in their speculations, and their foolish heart was darkened. 22. Professing to be wise, they became fools, (Romans 1:18-22, NASB95)

(See also the existing rich hub [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/) for the broader unit treatment.)

## Setting

- **Speaker:** Paul the Apostle.
- **Audience:** the church at Rome.
- **Location:** Paul writing from Corinth, c. AD 56-57.

## Theological reading

The verse is the **classic Pauline charter for natural theology**, and the foundation of the doctrines of *general revelation* and *universal accountability*. Three claims:

1. **General revelation through creation.** *Ta aorata autou… nooumena kathoratai*, God's *invisible attributes* are *clearly seen / made visible* through *what has been made* (creation). The word-play *aorata* (invisible) + *kathoratai* (made-clearly-seen) is deliberate: the invisible becomes visible through creation.
2. **The content of general revelation.** "His eternal power and divine nature", *aidios autou dynamis kai theiotēs*. Two things creation reveals:
 - **Eternal power** (*aidios dynamis*), the cosmological-style inference: creation requires a powerful Creator.
 - **Divine nature** ([G2305 - theiotes](/codex/g2305-theiotes/)), *attributes* of divinity, not the full essence ([G2320 - theotes](/codex/g2320-theotes/) is reserved for Christological revelation in Colossians 2:9). The Trench distinction is critical: nature reveals divine *qualities*; only Christ reveals divine *being*.
3. **Universal accountability.** *Eis to einai autous anapologētous*, "so that they are without excuse" (literally: *so as to be them inexcusable / without apologetic*). The verse warrants universal moral accountability: every human, regardless of culture or era, has access to enough revelation through creation to be morally responsible for response.

**The broader Romans 1:18-32 context** develops this:
- v. 18, humans *suppress* (*katechontōn*) the truth in unrighteousness; they push down what creation has shown them.
- vv. 19-20, what creation reveals is enough to leave them without excuse.
- v. 21, knowing God, they refused to honor / thank Him; their foolish hearts were darkened.
- vv. 22-23, they exchanged God's glory for idols.
- vv. 24-32, God "gave them over" to the consequences of their suppression: sexual perversion, malice, every form of unrighteousness.

The argument is not "those who haven't heard are saved through general revelation" (Pelagian / inclusivist reading) but "those who haven't heard are *justly condemned* because they have suppressed the revelation they have." The verse closes the door on excuse, not the door to salvation. The salvation door is opened only through special revelation in Christ (Romans 10:14-17).

## Apologetic significance, natural theology

The verse is the **biblical anchor of classical Christian natural theology**:

- **Cosmological argument** ([Kalam Cosmological Argument](/codex/kalam-cosmological-argument/), [Contingency Argument](/codex/contingency-argument/)): infers a Creator from the existence and structure of the universe, directly applying Romans 1:20's "eternal power" inference.
- **Teleological argument** ([Fine-Tuning Argument](/codex/fine-tuning-argument/), [Argument from Intelligibility](/codex/argument-from-intelligibility/)): infers a Designer from the order and intelligibility of creation, applying Romans 1:20's "divine nature" inference.
- **Moral argument** ([Moral Argument](/codex/moral-arguments/)): the conscience as part of "what has been made" reveals the moral character of God.

These arguments are not innovations; they are the philosophical-rigorous unfolding of Romans 1:20's biblical warrant.

**The "suppression of truth" doctrine.** v. 18's *katechōn tēn alētheian en adikia* ("suppressing the truth in unrighteousness") explains why people who *should* see God in creation often don't. The fallenness of the human heart actively pushes down general-revelation truth. This is critical for apologetic strategy:
- Atheist/skeptical denial is not always (or even usually) about *insufficient evidence*. It is often about *suppression of evidence one has*.
- Apologetic argument removes intellectual obstacles but cannot by itself produce conversion. Suppression operates at the level of the will, not just the intellect, only the Spirit can break it.
- This is the foundational premise of Reformed presuppositional apologetics ([Transcendental Argument for God](/codex/transcendental-argument-for-god/); Cornelius Van Til; Greg Bahnsen).

**Patristic.** Augustine (*City of God* 8.1-9; *On the Trinity* 8.2; *On Christian Doctrine* 1) develops the doctrine of natural revelation and its limits: creation reveals divine *attributes* but only Scripture in Christ reveals the Trinitarian *essence*. Aquinas (*Summa Theologiae* I, q.2, a.2; q.12) develops the *Five Ways* explicitly as inferences from creation, the philosophical unfolding of Romans 1:20's "eternal power and divine nature."

**Reformation.** Calvin (*Institutes* I.3-5) develops the *sensus divinitatis*, the implanted sense of God in every human, and the natural-revelation argument from creation. The Reformed tradition uniquely preserves both the *power* of natural revelation (it really does reveal God; humans are without excuse) and its *limits* (it cannot save; it grounds judgment, not salvation).

**Reformed presuppositional apologetics.** Cornelius Van Til (*The Defense of the Faith*, 1955), Greg Bahnsen (*Always Ready*, 1996), and John Frame (*Apologetics*, 2015) use Romans 1:18-25, especially v. 20's *anapologētous* and v. 18's *katechōn*, to ground the presuppositional method: unbelievers have the truth and suppress it; the apologetic task is *exposure* of the suppression, not just neutral argument.

**Modern evangelical.** Douglas Moo (*Romans* NICNT, 1996), Thomas Schreiner (*Romans* BECNT, 1998), R. C. Sproul (*Classical Apologetics*, 1984; *Defending Your Faith*), and Ronald Nash (*Faith and Reason*, 1988) all develop the verse's natural-theology weight.

## Connection to Cosmological / Fine-Tuning Arguments

Modern apologetic use of the Cosmological and Fine-Tuning arguments (William Lane Craig, *Reasonable Faith*; Robin Collins, *Tetrabiblos on Fine-Tuning*) explicitly grounds these arguments in Romans 1:20. The arguments are not innovations apart from Scripture; they are the formal-philosophical unfolding of Pauline natural theology. See [Kalam Cosmological Argument](/codex/kalam-cosmological-argument/), [Fine-Tuning Argument](/codex/fine-tuning-argument/), [Argument from Intelligibility](/codex/argument-from-intelligibility/).

## Key words

- [G2305 - theiotes](/codex/g2305-theiotes/), *theiotēs* (divine nature / attribute), the locus classicus
- [G2316 - theos](/codex/g2316-theos/), *theos* (God), the revealed One
- G3196 - poiesis, *poiēma* (made thing), the *what-has-been-made*
- G0585 - apokalypto, related to the broader revelation vocabulary

## Connection to other passages

- [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), the broader unit (existing rich hub)
- [Genesis 1.1](/codex/genesis-1-1/), creation grounds the natural revelation
- [Argument from Intelligibility](/codex/argument-from-intelligibility/), [Fine-Tuning Argument](/codex/fine-tuning-argument/), [Kalam Cosmological Argument](/codex/kalam-cosmological-argument/), apologetic descendants

<!-- BACKLINKS:START -->
## Quoted in

**Arguments and defeaters:**

- [100 Questions for Evolutionists](/codex/100-questions-for-evolutionists/)
- [Anthropology Defeats Christianity Objection Defeater](/codex/anthropology-defeats-christianity-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Anthropology vs Epistemology Priority Objection Defeater](/codex/anthropology-vs-epistemology-priority-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Aquinas Five Ways](/codex/aquinas-five-ways/)
- [Argument from Awe and Wonder](/codex/argument-from-awe-and-wonder/)
- [Argument from Conscience](/codex/argument-from-conscience/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Argument from Intelligibility](/codex/argument-from-intelligibility/)
- [Argument from Physics (Guillen)](/codex/argument-from-physics-guillen/), via [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Argument from Reason](/codex/argument-from-reason/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Argument from Religious Experience](/codex/argument-from-religious-experience/), via [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Argument from Science as Faith-Based (Guillen)](/codex/argument-from-science-as-faith-based-guillen/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-23](/codex/romans-1-18-23/)
- [Argument from the Addressee of Gratitude](/codex/argument-from-the-addressee-of-gratitude/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Argument from the Beauty-Mathematics Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-beauty-mathematics-convergence/)
- [Argument from the Continuance of Being](/codex/argument-from-the-continuance-of-being/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Argument from the Demand to Be Witnessed](/codex/argument-from-the-demand-to-be-witnessed/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Argument from the Genetic Code](/codex/argument-from-the-genetic-code/)
- [Argument from the Observer-Demand Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-observer-demand-convergence/)
- [Argument from the Reliability of Reason](/codex/argument-from-the-reliability-of-reason/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Argument from the Universal Worship Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-universal-worship-convergence/), via [Romans 1.18-25](/codex/romans-1-18-25/)
- [Atheism as Religion](/codex/is-atheism-a-religion/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-25](/codex/romans-1-18-25/)
- [Atheism is a Belief](/codex/argument-from-science-as-faith-based-guillen/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-22](/codex/romans-1-18-22/), [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Atheism Moral Neutrality Failure](/codex/atheism-moral-neutrality-failure/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Atheism Promotes Hatred Lies and Self-Idolatry](/codex/atheism-promotes-hatred-lies-and-self-idolatry/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-32](/codex/romans-1-18-32/)
- [Atheism Targets the Vulnerable (Recruitment-Dynamic Defeater)](/codex/atheism-targets-the-vulnerable-recruitment-dynamic-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-22](/codex/romans-1-18-22/)
- [Bayesian Argument for Theism](/codex/bayesian-argument-for-theism/)
- [Belief-Choice Objection Defeater](/codex/belief-choice-objection-defeater/)
- [Bible Scientific Errors Objection Defeater](/codex/bible-scientific-errors-objection-defeater/)
- [Biblical Sexual Ethics Objection Defeater](/codex/biblical-sexual-ethics-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-32](/codex/romans-1-18-32/)
- [Build the Cosmological Argument](/codex/build-the-cosmological-argument/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Cambrian Explosion Argument](/codex/cambrian-explosion-argument/)
- [Cartesian Skeptical Argument and Christian Responses](/codex/cartesian-skeptical-argument-and-christian-responses/)
- [Chirality Argument](/codex/chirality-argument/)
- [Common Design vs Common Descent Argument](/codex/common-design-vs-common-descent-argument/)
- [Convergent Evolution as Design Signal Argument](/codex/convergent-evolution-as-design-signal-argument/)
- [Cosmic Dictator Objection Defeater](/codex/cosmic-dictator-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-25](/codex/romans-1-18-25/)
- [Define the God You Deny (Debate Traps)](/codex/define-the-god-you-deny-debate-traps/), via [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Divine Hiddenness Objection Defeater](/codex/divine-hiddenness-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-23](/codex/romans-1-18-23/), [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Edge of Evolution Argument](/codex/edge-of-evolution-argument/)
- [Epistemology Defeats Christianity Objection Defeater](/codex/epistemology-defeats-christianity-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Evolution and Empathy Ground Morality (Defeater)](/codex/evolution-and-empathy-ground-morality-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Faith is Belief Without Evidence Objection Defeater](/codex/faith-is-belief-without-evidence-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Fifth Way - Teleology](/codex/fifth-way-teleology/)
- [Fine-Tuning Argument](/codex/fine-tuning-argument/)
- [First Way - Motion](/codex/first-way-motion/)
- [Fitness Beats Truth Argument](/codex/fitness-beats-truth-argument/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Hand of God Argument](/codex/hand-of-god-argument/)
- [Hofweber Internalist Deflationism Objection Defeater](/codex/hofweber-internalist-deflationism-objection-defeater/)
- [Inference to the Best Explanation in Bio Origins Argument](/codex/inference-to-the-best-explanation-in-bio-origins-argument/)
- [Information Argument](/codex/information-argument/)
- [Intersubjective Morality Defeater](/codex/intersubjective-morality-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Irreducible Complexity Argument](/codex/interdependency-argument/)
- [Kantian Critique of Natural Theology Defeater](/codex/kantian-critique-of-natural-theology-defeater/)
- [Methodological Naturalism Critique](/codex/methodological-naturalism-critique/)
- [Molecular Machines Argument](/codex/molecular-machines-argument/)
- [Moral Anti-Realism Defeater](/codex/moral-anti-realism-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Moral Argument](/codex/moral-arguments/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [OT vs NT God Objection Defeater](/codex/ot-vs-nt-god-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-32](/codex/romans-1-18-32/)
- [Performative Self-Refutation of Atheist Denial](/codex/performative-self-refutation-of-atheist-denial/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Phylogenetic Incongruence Argument](/codex/phylogenetic-incongruence-argument/)
- [Protein Sequence Space Argument](/codex/protein-sequence-space-argument/)
- [Signature in the Cell Argument](/codex/signature-in-the-cell-argument/)
- [Specified Complexity Argument](/codex/specified-complexity-argument/)
- [Stealing from God Argument](/codex/stealing-from-god-argument/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Subjective Morality Defeater](/codex/subjective-morality-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Transcendental Argument for God](/codex/transcendental-argument-for-god/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Universal Probability Bound](/codex/universal-probability-bound/)
- [Vestigial Organs and Anatomy Objection Defeater](/codex/vestigial-organs-and-anatomy-objection-defeater/)
- [Why Doesnt God Stop Satan Objection Defeater](/codex/why-doesnt-god-stop-satan-objection-defeater/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)

**Concepts:**

- [A Quick-Glance Guide to Aquinas Five Ways](/codex/a-quick-glance-guide-to-aquinas-five-ways/)
- [Abiogenesis Under the Microscope](/codex/abiogenesis-under-the-microscope/)
- [Agnosticism](/codex/agnosticism/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Animism](/codex/animism/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Apologetics](/codex/apologetics/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Atheism](/codex/atheism/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-32](/codex/romans-1-18-32/), [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Belief-Choice Objection](/codex/belief-choice-objection/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Biblical Sexual Ethics Objection](/codex/biblical-sexual-ethics-objection/), via [Romans 1.18-32](/codex/romans-1-18-32/)
- [Christianity](/codex/christianity/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Cognitive Science of Religion](/codex/cognitive-science-of-religion/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/), [Romans 1.19-21](/codex/romans-1-19-21/)
- [Confirmation Bias](/codex/confirmation-bias/), via [Romans 1.18-23](/codex/romans-1-18-23/)
- [Diagnostic Doorways](/codex/diagnostic-doorways/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.19-21](/codex/romans-1-19-21/)
- [Divine Hiddenness](/codex/divine-hiddenness/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-23](/codex/romans-1-18-23/), [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Evangelism](/codex/evangelism/), via [Romans 1.19-21](/codex/romans-1-19-21/)
- [Faith and Reason](/codex/faith-and-reason/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Faith is Belief Without Evidence Objection](/codex/faith-is-belief-without-evidence-objection/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [General Revelation](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [God is Impossible Paradox Cluster](/codex/god-is-impossible-paradox-cluster/)
- [Hearing God](/codex/hearing-god/), via [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Hell and Eternal Punishment](/codex/hell-and-eternal-punishment/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Information Argument for Design](/codex/information-argument-for-design/)
- [Irreducible Complexity](/codex/irreducible-complexity/)
- [Is Atheism a Religion](/codex/is-atheism-a-religion/), via [Romans 1.18-23](/codex/romans-1-18-23/)
- [Justified True Belief](/codex/justified-true-belief/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Lesson 3.5, The Transcendental Argument](/codex/lesson-3-5-the-transcendental-argument/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Lesson 4.2, Divine Hiddenness](/codex/lesson-4-2-divine-hiddenness/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Listening Tools](/codex/listening-tools/), via [Romans 1.19-21](/codex/romans-1-19-21/)
- [Mathematical Intelligibility of Nature](/codex/mathematical-intelligibility-of-nature/)
- [Methodological Naturalism](/codex/naturalism/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Moral Arguments](/codex/moral-arguments/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Morality](/codex/morality/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Multiverse](/codex/multiverse/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Natural Theology](/codex/natural-theology/)
- [Origins and Cosmology](/codex/origins-and-cosmology/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [OT vs NT God Objection](/codex/ot-vs-nt-god-objection/), via [Romans 1.18-32](/codex/romans-1-18-32/)
- [Polytheism](/codex/polytheism/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Presuppositionalism](/codex/presuppositionalism/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Quick Objection Responses](/codex/quick-objection-responses/)
- [Reformed Epistemology](/codex/reformed-epistemology/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Salvation Exclusivity](/codex/salvation-exclusivity/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Salvation of the Unevangelized](/codex/salvation-of-the-unevangelized/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.18-32](/codex/romans-1-18-32/), [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Sensus Divinitatis](/codex/sensus-divinitatis/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Soul and Spirit, Origin and Awareness](/codex/soul-and-spirit-origin-and-awareness/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Spiritual But Not Religious](/codex/spiritual-but-not-religious/), via [Romans 1.19-20](/codex/romans-1-19-20/)
- [Suppression of God Thesis](/codex/suppression-of-god-thesis/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Teleological Arguments](/codex/teleological-arguments/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Theist Arguments](/codex/theist-arguments/)

**People:**

- [David Hume](/codex/david-hume/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Greg Bahnsen](/codex/greg-bahnsen/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Jesus](/codex/jesus/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Justin Barrett](/codex/justin-barrett/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/), [Romans 1.19-21](/codex/romans-1-19-21/)
- [Paul the Apostle](/codex/paul-the-apostle/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [Sye Ten Bruggencate](/codex/sye-ten-bruggencate/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)

**Lexicon:**

- [G2305 - theiotes](/codex/g2305-theiotes/)
- [G2320 - theotes](/codex/g2320-theotes/)
- [G2722 - katecho](/codex/g2722-katecho/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [G2889 - kosmos](/codex/g2889-kosmos/)
- [G2937 - ktisis](/codex/g2937-ktisis/)
- [G5218 - hypakoe](/codex/g5218-hypakoe/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [G627 - apologia](/codex/g627-apologia/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [H3045 - yada](/codex/h3045-yada/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)

**Guides:**

- [02 Faith and Worldview](/codex/02-faith-and-worldview/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [03 Arguments for God](/codex/03-arguments-for-god/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)
- [04 Defeating Objections](/codex/04-defeating-objections/), via [Romans 1.18-21](/codex/romans-1-18-21/)

**Passages:**

- [2 Corinthians 5.17](/codex/2-corinthians-5-17/)
- [Ezekiel 18](/codex/ezekiel-18/)
- [Genesis 1](/codex/genesis-1/)
- [Genesis 18](/codex/genesis-18/)
- [Hebrews 11.6](/codex/hebrews-11-6/)
- [Isaiah 45.18](/codex/isaiah-45-18/)
- [Psalms 19.1](/codex/psalms-19-1/)
- [Romans 1](/codex/romans-1/)
- [Romans 1.24-26](/codex/romans-1-24-26/)
- [Romans 1.24-32](/codex/romans-1-24-32/)
- [Romans 8](/codex/romans-8/)
- [Romans 8.22](/codex/romans-8-22/)

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_Scripture quotations taken from the **New American Standard Bible®** (NASB), Copyright © 1960, 1971, 1977, 1995 by **The Lockman Foundation**. Used by permission. All rights reserved. [www.lockman.org](https://www.lockman.org)_