# Matthew 28 **Book:** [Matthew](/codex/matthew-the-apostle/) · NASB95 ## Immediate context (±2 verses) **ASV** ([ASV](/codex/asv/)) > 1. Now late on the sabbath day, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulchre. 2. And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled away the stone, and sat upon it. 3. His appearance was as lightning, and his raiment white as snow: 4. and for fear of him the watchers did quake, and became as dead men. 5. And the angel answered and said unto the women, Fear not ye; for I know that ye seek Jesus, who hath been crucified. 6. He is not here; for he is risen, even as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay. 7. And go quickly, and tell his disciples, He is risen from the dead; and lo, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him: lo, I have told you. 8. And they departed quickly from the tomb with fear and great joy, and ran to bring his disciples word. 9. And behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and took hold of his feet, and worshipped him. 10. Then saith Jesus unto them, Fear not: go tell my brethren that they depart into Galilee, and there shall they see me. 11. Now while they were going, behold, some of the guard came into the city, and told unto the chief priests all the things that were come to pass. 12. And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave much money unto the soldiers, 13. saying, Say ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept. 14. And if this come to the governor's ears, we will persuade him, and rid you of care. 15. So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying was spread abroad among the Jews, and continueth until this day. 16. But the eleven disciples went into Galilee, unto the mountain where Jesus had appointed them. 17. And when they saw him, they worshipped him; but some doubted. 18. And Jesus came to them and spake unto them, saying, All authority hath been given unto me in heaven and on earth. 19. Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit: 20. teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I commanded you: and lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. (Matthew 28:1-20, ASV) **WEB** ([WEB](/codex/web/)) > 1. Now after the Sabbath, as it began to dawn on the first day of the week, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to see the tomb. 2. Behold, there was a great earthquake, for an angel of the Lord descended from the sky, and came and rolled away the stone from the door, and sat on it. 3. His appearance was like lightning, and his clothing white as snow. 4. For fear of him, the guards shook, and became like dead men. 5. The angel answered the women, “Don’t be afraid, for I know that you seek Jesus, who has been crucified. 6. He is not here, for he has risen, just like he said. Come, see the place where the Lord was lying. 7. Go quickly and tell his disciples, ‘He has risen from the dead, and behold, he goes before you into Galilee; there you will see him.’ Behold, I have told you.” 8. They departed quickly from the tomb with fear and great joy, and ran to bring his disciples word. 9. As they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, “Rejoice!” They came and took hold of his feet, and worshiped him. 10. Then Jesus said to them, “Don’t be afraid. Go tell my brothers that they should go into Galilee, and there they will see me.” 11. Now while they were going, behold, some of the guards came into the city, and told the chief priests all the things that had happened. 12. When they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave a large amount of silver to the soldiers, 13. saying, “Say that his disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept. 14. If this comes to the governor’s ears, we will persuade him and make you free of worry.” 15. So they took the money and did as they were told. This saying was spread abroad among the Jews, and continues until today. 16. But the eleven disciples went into Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had sent them. 17. When they saw him, they bowed down to him, but some doubted. 18. Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth. 19. Go, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20. teaching them to observe all things that I commanded you. Behold, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” Amen. (Matthew 28:1-20, WEB) **KJV** ([KJV](/codex/kjv/)) > 1. In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulchre. 2. And, behold, there was a great earthquake: for the angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat upon it. was: or, had been 3. His countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white as snow: 4. And for fear of him the keepers did shake, and became as dead men. 5. And the angel answered and said unto the women, Fear not ye: for I know that ye seek Jesus, which was crucified. 6. He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay. 7. And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead; and, behold, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him: lo, I have told you. 8. And they departed quickly from the sepulchre with fear and great joy; and did run to bring his disciples word. 9. And as they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and held him by the feet, and worshipped him. 10. Then said Jesus unto them, Be not afraid: go tell my brethren that they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me. 11. Now when they were going, behold, some of the watch came into the city, and shewed unto the chief priests all the things that were done. 12. And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken counsel, they gave large money unto the soldiers, 13. Saying, Say ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept. 14. And if this come to the governor's ears, we will persuade him, and secure you. 15. So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying is commonly reported among the Jews until this day. 16. Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them. 17. And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted. 18. And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. 19. Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: teach: or, make disciples, or, Christians of all nations 20. Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. (Matthew 28:1-20, KJV) **YLT** ([YLT](/codex/ylt/)) > 1. And on the eve of the sabbaths, at the dawn, toward the first of the sabbaths, came Mary the Magdalene, and the other Mary, to see the sepulchre, 2. and lo, there came a great earthquake, for a messenger of the Lord, having come down out of heaven, having come, did roll away the stone from the door, and was sitting upon it, 3. and his countenance was as lightning, and his clothing white as snow, 4. and from the fear of him did the keepers shake, and they became as dead men. 5. And the messenger answering said to the women, 'Fear not ye, for I have known that Jesus, who hath been crucified, ye seek; 6. he is not here, for he rose, as he said; come, see the place where the Lord was lying; 7. and having gone quickly, say ye to his disciples, that he rose from the dead; and lo, he doth go before you to Galilee, there ye shall see him; lo, I have told you.' 8. And having gone forth quickly from the tomb, with fear and great joy, they ran to tell to his disciples; 9. and as they were going to tell to his disciples, then lo, Jesus met them, saying, 'Hail!' and they having come near, laid hold of his feet, and did bow to him. 10. Then saith Jesus to them, 'Fear ye not, go away, tell to my brethren that they may go away to Galilee, and there they shall see me.' 11. And while they are going on, lo, certain of the watch having come to the city, told to the chief priests all the things that happened, 12. and having been gathered together with the elders, counsel also having taken, they gave much money to the soldiers, 13. saying, 'Say ye, that his disciples having come by night, stole him, we being asleep; 14. and if this be heard by the governor, we will persuade him, and you keep free from anxiety.' 15. And they, having received the money, did as they were taught, and this account was spread abroad among Jews till this day. 16. And the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mount where Jesus appointed them, 17. and having seen him, they bowed to him, but some did waver. 18. And having come near, Jesus spake to them, saying, 'Given to me was all authority in heaven and on earth; 19. having gone, then, disciple all the nations, (baptizing them, to the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, 20. teaching them to observe all, whatever I did command you,) and lo, I am with you all the days, till the full end of the age.' (Matthew 28:1-20, YLT) ## Setting - **Speaker:** _TBD_ - **Audience:** _TBD_ - **Location:** _TBD_ - **Time period:** _TBD_ ## Theological reading _Patristic / early-church-father exegesis, to be added._ ## Key words _Theologically-loaded Greek or Hebrew words in this verse may have entries in the lexicon. Curated to roughly 100 contested terms across the corpus, not every word; see Lexicon Roadmap._ - _TBD_ - _TBD_ - _TBD_ - _TBD_ ## Quoted in **Arguments and defeaters:** - [Anointing Implies Subordination Objection Defeater](/codex/anointing-implies-subordination-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/), [Matthew 28.9](/codex/matthew-28-9/) - [Argument from the Hospitality-Stranger Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-hospitality-stranger-convergence/) - [Argument from the Narrative-Identity Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-narrative-identity-convergence/) - [Argument from the Proportionate-Causality Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-proportionate-causality-convergence/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Argument from the Resurrection](/codex/argument-from-the-resurrection/) - [Argument from the Universal Burial Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-universal-burial-convergence/) - [Causal Adequacy Argument](/codex/argument-from-the-proportionate-causality-convergence/), via [Matthew 28.11-15](/codex/matthew-28-11-15/), [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Christian God is the Only True God](/codex/christian-god-is-the-only-true-god/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Christianity Is the White Mans Religion Objection Defeater](/codex/christianity-is-the-white-mans-religion-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Christians Not Under Mosaic Law](/codex/christians-not-under-mosaic-law/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Cumulative Case for the Deity of Christ](/codex/cumulative-case-for-the-deity-of-christ/), via [Matthew 28.17](/codex/matthew-28-17/), [Matthew 28.9](/codex/matthew-28-9/) - [David Bathsheba Objection Defeater](/codex/david-bathsheba-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Did Jesus Send Muhammad Dilemma Argument](/codex/did-jesus-send-muhammad-dilemma-argument/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Five Pillars Outside Quran Objection Defeater](/codex/five-pillars-outside-quran-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Gentiles Cannot Be Saved Objection Defeater](/codex/gentiles-cannot-be-saved-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Jesus Came Only for Israel Objection Defeater](/codex/jesus-came-only-for-israel-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Jesus Has a God Therefore Not God Objection Defeater](/codex/jesus-has-a-god-therefore-not-god-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/), [Matthew 28.9](/codex/matthew-28-9/) - [Jesus Never Claimed to Be God Objection Defeater](/codex/jesus-never-claimed-to-be-god-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.17](/codex/matthew-28-17/), [Matthew 28.9](/codex/matthew-28-9/) - [Jesus Was Not Buried in a Tomb Objection Defeater](/codex/jesus-was-not-buried-in-a-tomb-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.11-15](/codex/matthew-28-11-15/) - [Khazar Hypothesis Ashkenazi Replacement Objection Defeater](/codex/khazar-hypothesis-ashkenazi-replacement-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Liar Lunatic or Lord](/codex/liar-lunatic-or-lord/), via [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/), [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/), [Matthew 28.20](/codex/matthew-28-20/) - [Manuscript Variants Bible Corruption Objection Defeater](/codex/manuscript-variants-bible-corruption-objection-defeater/) - [Misogyny in the Bible Objection Defeater](/codex/misogyny-in-the-bible-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.1-10](/codex/matthew-28-1-10/) - [Muhammad as Paraclete Refutation](/codex/muhammad-as-paraclete-refutation/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Paul Invented Christianity Objection Defeater](/codex/paul-invented-christianity-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Religious Pluralism Objection Defeater](/codex/religious-pluralism-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Sacred Name Yahawah Yahawashi Required for Salvation Objection Defeater](/codex/sacred-name-yahawah-yahawashi-required-for-salvation-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Satanic Fabrication Objection Defeater](/codex/satanic-fabrication-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.1-10](/codex/matthew-28-1-10/) - [Stolen Body Hypothesis Defeater](/codex/stolen-body-hypothesis-defeater/) - [The Resurrection Accounts Contradict Objection Defeater](/codex/the-resurrection-accounts-contradict-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.1-10](/codex/matthew-28-1-10/) - [Trinity Coherence Defense (Latin-Thomist)](/codex/trinity-coherence-defense-latin-thomist/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Trinity Invented at Nicaea Objection Defeater](/codex/trinity-invented-at-nicaea-objection-defeater/) - [Unitarian Oneness Binitarian Objection Defeater](/codex/unitarian-oneness-binitarian-objection-defeater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) **Concepts:** - [Angel of the LORD](/codex/angel-of-the-lord/), via [Matthew 28.2](/codex/matthew-28-2/) - [Apostle](/codex/apostle/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Apostolic Succession](/codex/apostolic-succession/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Authority to Cast Out Demons](/codex/authority-to-cast-out-demons/), via [Matthew 28.18-19](/codex/matthew-28-18-19/) - [Baptism](/codex/baptism/) - [Bible Contradictions Objection](/codex/bible-contradictions-objection/), via [Matthew 28.1](/codex/matthew-28-1/) - [Black Hebrew Israelite Doctrine](/codex/black-hebrew-israelite-doctrine/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Christ is God](/codex/christ-is-god/), via [Matthew 28.17](/codex/matthew-28-17/), [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/), [Matthew 28.20](/codex/matthew-28-20/), [Matthew 28.9](/codex/matthew-28-9/) - [Christianity](/codex/christianity/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/), [Matthew 28.8-9](/codex/matthew-28-8-9/) - [Christology](/codex/christology/), via [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/), [Matthew 28.20](/codex/matthew-28-20/) - [Christs Deity](/codex/christs-deity/), via [Matthew 28.17](/codex/matthew-28-17/), [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/), [Matthew 28.20](/codex/matthew-28-20/), [Matthew 28.9](/codex/matthew-28-9/) - [Churches the Disciples Started](/codex/churches-the-disciples-started/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Council of Constantinople I](/codex/council-of-constantinople-i/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Didache](/codex/didache/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Divine Gender Polarity and Feminine Imagery](/codex/divine-gender-polarity-and-feminine-imagery/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Doctrine](/codex/doctrine/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Evangelism](/codex/evangelism/) - [Evangelist](/codex/evangelist/) - [Failed Messianic Prophecy Objections](/codex/failed-messianic-prophecy-objections/), via [Matthew 28.20](/codex/matthew-28-20/) - [Father-Son Authority Asymmetry](/codex/father-son-authority-asymmetry/), via [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Fivefold Ministry](/codex/ephesians-4-11/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Hell and Eternal Punishment](/codex/hell-and-eternal-punishment/), via [Matthew 28.6](/codex/matthew-28-6/) - [Islamic Dilemma](/codex/islamic-dilemma/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Jesus Said](/codex/jesus-said/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/), [Matthew 28.9-10](/codex/matthew-28-9-10/) - [Kingdom of God](/codex/g932-basileia/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Lesson 2.4, Christology in One Lesson](/codex/lesson-2-4-christology-in-one-lesson/), via [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/) - [Marie Lemarchand (Lourdes 1892)](/codex/marie-lemarchand-lourdes-1892/), via [Matthew 28.11-15](/codex/matthew-28-11-15/) - [Messianic Prophecy](/codex/messianic-prophecy/), via [Matthew 28.5-7](/codex/matthew-28-5-7/) - [Misogyny in the Bible Objection](/codex/misogyny-in-the-bible-objection/), via [Matthew 28.1-10](/codex/matthew-28-1-10/) - [Mission Geography (Acts 1-8)](/codex/mission-geography-acts-1-8/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Modalism](/codex/modalism/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Monotheism](/codex/monotheism/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Oneness Pentecostalism](/codex/oneness-pentecostalism/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Petrine Primacy](/codex/petrine-primacy/), via [Matthew 28.20](/codex/matthew-28-20/) - [Pneumatology](/codex/pneumatology/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Prayers Against Scoffing and Mockery](/codex/prayers-against-scoffing-and-mockery/), via [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/) - [Quick Objection Responses](/codex/quick-objection-responses/), via [Matthew 28.6](/codex/matthew-28-6/) - [Resurrection of Jesus](/codex/resurrection-of-jesus/), via [Matthew 28.1](/codex/matthew-28-1/), [Matthew 28.11-15](/codex/matthew-28-11-15/) - [Resurrection of Jesus - Minimal Facts Case](/codex/resurrection-of-jesus-minimal-facts-case/), via [Matthew 28.1-10](/codex/matthew-28-1-10/), [Matthew 28.11-15](/codex/matthew-28-11-15/), [Matthew 28.9-10](/codex/matthew-28-9-10/) - [Resurrection of Jesus - Naturalistic Counter-Theories](/codex/resurrection-of-jesus-naturalistic-counter-theories/), via [Matthew 28.11-15](/codex/matthew-28-11-15/), [Matthew 28.13-15](/codex/matthew-28-13-15/) - [Resurrection of Jesus - Theological Significance](/codex/resurrection-of-jesus-theological-significance/) - [Salvation of the Unevangelized](/codex/salvation-of-the-unevangelized/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/) - [Spiritual Warfare](/codex/spiritual-warfare/), via [Matthew 28.18-19](/codex/matthew-28-18-19/) - [Synoptic Problem](/codex/synoptic-problem/) - [The Hebrew Israelite Defense](/codex/the-hebrew-israelite-defense/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Trinity](/codex/trinity/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Trinity Common Objections](/codex/trinity-common-objections/), via [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Trinity OT Stack (Five Texts)](/codex/trinity-ot-stack-five-texts/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Trinity vs Oneness vs Modalism vs Arianism](/codex/trinity-vs-oneness-vs-modalism-vs-arianism/), via [Matthew 28.18](/codex/matthew-28-18/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Young's Literal Translation](/codex/ylt/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) **People:** - [Hebrew Israelites](/codex/hebrew-israelites/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [Matthew the Apostle](/codex/matthew-the-apostle/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) **Lexicon:** - [G0386 - anastasis](/codex/g0386-anastasis/), via [Matthew 28.6](/codex/matthew-28-6/) - [G0907 - baptizo](/codex/g0907-baptizo/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [G1520 - heis](/codex/g1520-heis/), via [Matthew 28.1](/codex/matthew-28-1/) - [G1577 - ekklesia](/codex/g1577-ekklesia/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [G3686 - onoma](/codex/g3686-onoma/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [G3952 - parousia](/codex/g3952-parousia/), via [Matthew 28.20](/codex/matthew-28-20/) - [G3962 - pater](/codex/g3962-pater/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [G4151 - pneuma](/codex/g4151-pneuma/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [G5207 - huios](/codex/g5207-huios/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [G5218 - hypakoe](/codex/g5218-hypakoe/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [H0001 - ab](/codex/h0001-ab/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [H1285 - berith](/codex/h1285-berith/), via [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) - [H8034 - shem](/codex/h8034-shem/), via [Matthew 28.18-20](/codex/matthew-28-18-20/), [Matthew 28.19](/codex/matthew-28-19/) --- _Scripture quotations taken from the **New American Standard Bible®** (NASB), Copyright © 1960, 1971, 1977, 1995 by **The Lockman Foundation**. Used by permission. All rights reserved. [www.lockman.org](https://www.lockman.org)_ ## Why these four translations ris3n chose ASV, WEB, KJV, and YLT for two reasons together. They are the **most literal English translations available** (formal-equivalence: word-for-word renderings that preserve the Hebrew and Greek grammar rather than smoothing it into modern dynamic-equivalence idiom). And they are in the **public domain in the United States**, which means fair-use quotation at any length requires no publisher license. Modern licensed translations (NASB95, ESV, NIV) restrict volume of quotation under their copyright terms, so they are not used at stub-level coverage here. NASB95 appears only on hand-curated rich passage hubs under Lockman Foundation's fair-use allowance. The four: - **[ASV](/codex/asv/)** (American Standard Version, 1901). The basis of the modern critical-text English tradition. - **[WEB](/codex/web/)** (World English Bible, contemporary). Public-domain revision in the ASV line, in current English. - **[KJV](/codex/kjv/)** (King James Version, 1611). Reformation-era, Textus Receptus base. - **[YLT](/codex/ylt/)** (Young's Literal Translation, Robert Young, 1862). Hyper-literal preservation of Hebrew and Greek grammar; useful for word-study work even where English reads stiff. See [Bibles](/codex/bibles/) for the full per-translation history, translators, textual basis, strengths, and weaknesses.