# John 5.19-47

<!-- type: passage | created: 2026-08-18 | updated: 2026-08-18 -->

**Book:** [John](/codex/john/) · NASB95

## Immediate context (±2 verses)

**ASV** ([ASV](/codex/asv/))
> 17. But Jesus answered them, <span class="rl-speech">My Father worketh even until now, and I work.</span> 18. <span class="rl-speech">For this cause therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only brake the sabbath, but also called God his own Father, making himself equal with God.</span>
>
> **19. Jesus therefore answered and said unto them, <span class="rl-speech">Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father doing: for what things soever he doeth, these the Son also doeth in like manner.</span> 20. <span class="rl-speech">For the Father loveth the Son, and showeth him all things that himself doeth: and greater works than these will he show him, that ye may marvel.</span> 21. <span class="rl-speech">For as the Father raiseth the dead and giveth them life, even so the Son also giveth life to whom he will.</span> 22. <span class="rl-speech">For neither doth the Father judge any man, but he hath given all judgment unto the Son;</span> 23. <span class="rl-speech">that all may honor the Son, even as they honor the Father. He that honoreth not the Son honoreth not the Father that sent him.</span> 24. <span class="rl-speech">Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth him that sent me, hath eternal life, and cometh not into judgment, but hath passed out of death into life.</span> 25. <span class="rl-speech">Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour cometh, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God; and they that hear shall live.</span> 26. <span class="rl-speech">For as the Father hath life in himself, even so gave he to the Son also to have life in himself:</span> 27. <span class="rl-speech">and he gave him authority to execute judgment, because he is a son of man.</span> 28. <span class="rl-speech">Marvel not at this: for the hour cometh, in which all that are in the tombs shall hear his voice,</span> 29. <span class="rl-speech">and shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of judgment.</span> 30. <span class="rl-speech">I can of myself do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is righteous; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of him that sent me.</span> 31. <span class="rl-speech">If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.</span> 32. <span class="rl-speech">It is another that beareth witness of me; and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true.</span> 33. <span class="rl-speech">Ye have sent unto John, and he hath borne witness unto the truth.</span> 34. <span class="rl-speech">But the witness which I receive is not from man: howbeit I say these things, that ye may be saved.</span> 35. <span class="rl-speech">He was the lamp that burneth and shineth; and ye were willing to rejoice for a season in his light.</span> 36. <span class="rl-speech">But the witness which I have is greater than that of John; for the works which the Father hath given me to accomplish, the very works that I do, bear witness of me, that the Father hath sent me.</span> 37. <span class="rl-speech">And the Father that sent me, he hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his form.</span> 38. <span class="rl-speech">And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he sent, him ye believe not.</span> 39. <span class="rl-speech">Ye search the scriptures, because ye think that in them ye have eternal life; and these are they which bear witness of me;</span> 40. <span class="rl-speech">and ye will not come to me, that ye may have life.</span> 41. <span class="rl-speech">I receive not glory from men.</span> 42. <span class="rl-speech">But I know you, that ye have not the love of God in yourselves.</span> 43. <span class="rl-speech">I am come in my Father's name, and ye receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive.</span> 44. <span class="rl-speech">How can ye believe, who receive glory one of another, and the glory that cometh from the only God ye seek not?</span> 45. <span class="rl-speech">Think not that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, on whom ye have set your hope.</span> 46. <span class="rl-speech">For if ye believed Moses, ye would believe me; for he wrote of me.</span> 47. <span class="rl-speech">But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words?</span>** (John 5:17-47, ASV)

**WEB** ([WEB](/codex/web/))
> 17. But Jesus answered them, <span class="rl-speech">“My Father is still working, so I am working, too.”</span> 18. For this cause therefore the Jews sought all the more to kill him, because he not only broke the Sabbath, but also called God his own Father, making himself equal with God.
>
> **19. Jesus therefore answered them, <span class="rl-speech">“Most certainly, I tell you, the Son can do nothing of himself, but what he sees the Father doing. For whatever things he does, these the Son also does likewise.</span> 20. <span class="rl-speech">For the Father has affection for the Son, and shows him all things that he himself does. He will show him greater works than these, that you may marvel.</span> 21. <span class="rl-speech">For as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even so the Son also gives life to whom he desires.</span> 22. <span class="rl-speech">For the Father judges no one, but he has given all judgment to the Son,</span> 23. <span class="rl-speech">that all may honor the Son, even as they honor the Father. He who doesn’t honor the Son doesn’t honor the Father who sent him.</span> 24. <span class="rl-speech">“Most certainly I tell you, he who hears my word, and believes him who sent me, has eternal life, and doesn’t come into judgment, but has passed out of death into life.</span> 25. <span class="rl-speech">Most certainly, I tell you, the hour comes, and now is, when the dead will hear the Son of God’s voice; and those who hear will live.</span> 26. <span class="rl-speech">For as the Father has life in himself, even so he gave to the Son also to have life in himself.</span> 27. <span class="rl-speech">He also gave him authority to execute judgment, because he is a son of man.</span> 28. <span class="rl-speech">Don’t marvel at this, for the hour comes, in which all that are in the tombs will hear his voice,</span> 29. <span class="rl-speech">and will come out; those who have done good, to the resurrection of life; and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment.</span> 30. <span class="rl-speech">I can of myself do nothing. As I hear, I judge, and my judgment is righteous; because I don’t seek my own will, but the will of my Father who sent me.</span> 31. <span class="rl-speech">“If I testify about myself, my witness is not valid.</span> 32. <span class="rl-speech">It is another who testifies about me. I know that the testimony which he testifies about me is true.</span> 33. <span class="rl-speech">You have sent to John, and he has testified to the truth.</span> 34. <span class="rl-speech">But the testimony which I receive is not from man. However, I say these things that you may be saved.</span> 35. <span class="rl-speech">He was the burning and shining lamp, and you were willing to rejoice for a while in his light.</span> 36. <span class="rl-speech">But the testimony which I have is greater than that of John, for the works which the Father gave me to accomplish, the very works that I do, testify about me, that the Father has sent me.</span> 37. <span class="rl-speech">The Father himself, who sent me, has testified about me. You have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his form.</span> 38. <span class="rl-speech">You don’t have his word living in you; because you don’t believe him whom he sent.</span> 39. <span class="rl-speech">“You search the Scriptures, because you think that in them you have eternal life; and these are they which testify about me.</span> 40. <span class="rl-speech">Yet you will not come to me, that you may have life.</span> 41. <span class="rl-speech">I don’t receive glory from men.</span> 42. <span class="rl-speech">But I know you, that you don’t have God’s love in yourselves.</span> 43. <span class="rl-speech">I have come in my Father’s name, and you don’t receive me. If another comes in his own name, you will receive him.</span> 44. <span class="rl-speech">How can you believe, who receive glory from one another, and you don’t seek the glory that comes from the only God?</span> 45. <span class="rl-speech">“Don’t think that I will accuse you to the Father. There is one who accuses you, even Moses, on whom you have set your hope.</span> 46. <span class="rl-speech">For if you believed Moses, you would believe me; for he wrote about me.</span> 47. <span class="rl-speech">But if you don’t believe his writings, how will you believe my words?”</span>** (John 5:17-47, WEB)

**KJV** ([KJV](/codex/kjv/))
> 17. But Jesus answered them, <span class="rl-speech">My Father worketh hitherto, and I work.</span> 18. <span class="rl-speech">Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not only had broken the sabbath, but said also that God was his Father, making himself equal with God.</span>
>
> **19. Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise. 20. For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye may marvel. 21. For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth them; even so the Son quickeneth whom he will. 22. For the Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son: 23. That all men should honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which hath sent him. 24. Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life. 25. Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that hear shall live. 26. For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself; 27. And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man. 28. Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice, 29. And shall come forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation. 30. I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of the Father which hath sent me. 31. If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true. 32. There is another that beareth witness of me; and I know that the witness which he witnesseth of me is true. 33. Ye sent unto John, and he bare witness unto the truth. 34. But I receive not testimony from man: but these things I say, that ye might be saved. 35. He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. 36. But I have greater witness than that of John: for the works which the Father hath given me to finish, the same works that I do, bear witness of me, that the Father hath sent me. 37. And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape. 38. And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him ye believe not. 39. Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me. 40. And ye will not come to me, that ye might have life. 41. I receive not honour from men. 42. But I know you, that ye have not the love of God in you. 43. I am come in my Father's name, and ye receive me not: if another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive. 44. How can ye believe, which receive honour one of another, and seek not the honour that cometh from God only? 45. Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust. 46. For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me: for he wrote of me. 47. But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words?** (John 5:17-47, KJV)

**YLT** ([YLT](/codex/ylt/))
> 17. And Jesus answered them, <span class="rl-speech">'My Father till now doth work, and I work;'</span> 18. because of this, then, were the Jews seeking the more to kill him, because not only was he breaking the sabbath, but he also called God his own Father, making himself equal to God.
>
> **19. Jesus therefore responded and said to them, <span class="rl-speech">'Verily, verily, I say to you, The Son is not able to do anything of himself, if he may not see the Father doing anything; for whatever things He may do, these also the Son in like manner doth;</span> 20. <span class="rl-speech">for the Father doth love the Son, and doth shew to him all things that He himself doth; and greater works than these He will shew him, that ye may wonder.</span> 21. <span class="rl-speech">'For, as the Father doth raise the dead, and doth make alive, so also the Son doth make alive whom he willeth;</span> 22. <span class="rl-speech">for neither doth the Father judge any one, but all the judgment He hath given to the Son,</span> 23. <span class="rl-speech">that all may honour the Son according as they honour the Father; he who is not honouring the Son, doth not honour the Father who sent him.</span> 24. <span class="rl-speech">'Verily, verily, I say to you, He who is hearing my word, and is believing Him who sent me, hath life age-during, and to judgment he doth not come, but hath passed out of the death to the life.</span> 25. <span class="rl-speech">'Verily, verily, I say to you, There cometh an hour, and it now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God, and those having heard shall live;</span> 26. <span class="rl-speech">for, as the Father hath life in himself, so He gave also to the Son to have life in himself,</span> 27. <span class="rl-speech">and authority He gave him also to do judgment, because he is Son of Man.</span> 28. <span class="rl-speech">'Wonder not at this, because there doth come an hour in which all those in the tombs shall hear his voice,</span> 29. <span class="rl-speech">and they shall come forth; those who did the good things to a rising again of life, and those who practised the evil things to a rising again of judgment.</span> 30. <span class="rl-speech">'I am not able of myself to do anything; according as I hear I judge, and my judgment is righteous, because I seek not my own will, but the will of the Father who sent me.</span> 31. <span class="rl-speech">'If I testify concerning myself, my testimony is not true;</span> 32. <span class="rl-speech">another there is who is testifying concerning me, and I have known that the testimony that he doth testify concerning me is true;</span> 33. <span class="rl-speech">ye have sent unto John, and he hath testified to the truth.</span> 34. <span class="rl-speech">'But I do not receive testimony from man, but these things I say that ye may be saved;</span> 35. <span class="rl-speech">he was the burning and shining lamp, and ye did will to be glad, for an hour, in his light.</span> 36. <span class="rl-speech">'But I have the testimony greater than John'</span>s, for the works that the Father gave me, that I might finish them, the works themselves that I do, they testify concerning me, that the Father hath sent me. 37. 'And the Father who sent me Himself hath testified concerning me; ye have neither heard His voice at any time, nor His appearance have ye seen; 38. and His word ye have not remaining in you, because whom He sent, him ye do not believe. 39. 'Ye search the Writings, because ye think in them to have life age-during, and these are they that are testifying concerning me; 40. and ye do not will to come unto me, that ye may have life; 41. glory from man I do not receive, 42. but I have known you, that the love of God ye have not in yourselves. 43. 'I have come in the name of my Father, and ye do not receive me; if another may come in his own name, him ye will receive; 44. how are ye able, ye, to believe, glory from one another receiving, and the glory that [is] from God alone ye seek not? 45. 'Do not think that I will accuse you unto the Father; there is who is accusing you, Moses, in whom ye have hoped; 46. for if ye were believing Moses, ye would have been believing me, for he wrote concerning me; 47. but if his writings ye believe not, how shall ye believe my sayings?'** (John 5:17-47, YLT)

## Setting

- **Speaker:** _TBD_
- **Audience:** _TBD_
- **Location:** _TBD_
- **Time period:** _TBD_

## Theological reading

_Patristic / early-church-father exegesis, to be added._

## Key words

_Theologically-loaded Greek or Hebrew words in this verse may have entries in the lexicon. Curated to roughly 100 contested terms across the corpus, not every word._

- [G1607 - ekporeuomai](/codex/g1607-ekporeuomai/), *ekporeuomai*, Strong's G1607
- [G0386 - anastasis](/codex/g0386-anastasis/), *anastasis*, Strong's G0386
- [G2920 - krisis](/codex/g2920-krisis/), *krisis*, Strong's G2920
- [G0166 - aionios](/codex/g0166-aionios/), *aionios*, Strong's G0166
- [G1342 - dikaios](/codex/g1342-dikaios/), *dikaios*, Strong's G1342
- [G0225 - aletheia](/codex/g0225-aletheia/), *aletheia*, Strong's G0225

<!-- BACKLINKS:START -->
## Quoted in

**Arguments and defeaters:**

- [Anointing Implies Subordination Objection Defeater](/codex/anointing-implies-subordination-objection-defeater/), via [John 5.19](/codex/john-5-19/), [John 5.22-23](/codex/john-5-22-23/)
- [Argument from Origin of Life](/codex/argument-from-origin-of-life/), via [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [Argument from the Information-Conservation Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-information-conservation-convergence/), via [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/)
- [Biogenesis Argument](/codex/biogenesis-argument/), via [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [Christians Not Under Mosaic Law](/codex/christians-not-under-mosaic-law/), via [John 5.39](/codex/john-5-39/), [John 5.46](/codex/john-5-46/)
- [Conditional Immortality from Text-First Method](/codex/conditional-immortality-from-text-first-method/), via [John 5.24](/codex/john-5-24/), [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/)
- [Cumulative Case for the Deity of Christ](/codex/cumulative-case-for-the-deity-of-christ/), via [John 5.39](/codex/john-5-39/), [John 5.46-47](/codex/john-5-46-47/)
- [Jesus is Not a Human Sacrifice (Defeater)](/codex/jesus-is-not-a-human-sacrifice-defeater/), via [John 5.30](/codex/john-5-30/)
- [Jesus Never Claimed to Be God Objection Defeater](/codex/jesus-never-claimed-to-be-god-objection-defeater/), via [John 5.23](/codex/john-5-23/)
- [No One Can Die For Another Objection Defeater](/codex/no-one-can-die-for-another-objection-defeater/), via [John 5.30](/codex/john-5-30/)
- [OT vs NT God Objection Defeater](/codex/ot-vs-nt-god-objection-defeater/), via [John 5.46-47](/codex/john-5-46-47/)
- [Quran Confirms Jesus is God Argument](/codex/quran-confirms-jesus-is-god-argument/), via [John 5.19](/codex/john-5-19/), [John 5.21](/codex/john-5-21/)
- [Sabbath Breaking Stoning Objection Defeater](/codex/sabbath-breaking-stoning-objection-defeater/), via [John 5.39-47](/codex/john-5-39-47/)

**Concepts:**

- [100 Common Questions](/codex/100-common-questions/), via [John 5.23](/codex/john-5-23/)
- [Aseity](/codex/aseity/), via [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [Atheism](/codex/atheism/), via [John 5.46-47](/codex/john-5-46-47/)
- [Christ is God](/codex/christ-is-god/), via [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/)
- [Christian Muslim Defender](/codex/christian-muslim-defender/), via [John 5.19](/codex/john-5-19/), [John 5.24](/codex/john-5-24/), [John 5.30](/codex/john-5-30/)
- [Christianity](/codex/christianity/), via [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/), [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/)
- [Christology](/codex/christology/), via [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/)
- [Christs Deity](/codex/christs-deity/), via [John 5.21](/codex/john-5-21/), [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/), [John 5.23](/codex/john-5-23/)
- [Conditional Immortality](/codex/conditional-immortality/), via [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/)
- [Doctrine](/codex/doctrine/), via [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [Documentary Hypothesis](/codex/documentary-hypothesis/), via [John 5.46-47](/codex/john-5-46-47/)
- [Eschatology](/codex/eschatology/), via [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/), [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/)
- [Father-Son Authority Asymmetry](/codex/father-son-authority-asymmetry/), via [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/), [John 5.23](/codex/john-5-23/), [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/), [John 5.26-27](/codex/john-5-26-27/)
- [Jesus Said](/codex/jesus-said/), via [John 5](/codex/john-5/)
- [Lesson 2.4, Christology in One Lesson](/codex/lesson-2-4-christology-in-one-lesson/), via [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/)
- [Mosaic Authorship of the Pentateuch](/codex/mosaic-authorship-of-the-pentateuch/), via [John 5.46-47](/codex/john-5-46-47/)
- [Mosaic Law](/codex/mosaic-law/), via [John 5.39](/codex/john-5-39/), [John 5.46](/codex/john-5-46/)
- [Muslim Objections to the Divinity of Christ](/codex/muslim-objections-to-the-divinity-of-christ/), via [John 5.19](/codex/john-5-19/), [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/), [John 5.30](/codex/john-5-30/)
- [Necessary vs Contingent Being](/codex/necessary-vs-contingent-being/), via [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [Old Testament Witness to the Deity of Christ](/codex/old-testament-witness-to-the-deity-of-christ/), via [John 5.22-27](/codex/john-5-22-27/), [John 5.39](/codex/john-5-39/), [John 5.46-47](/codex/john-5-46-47/)
- [OT Authorship and Prophetic Tradition](/codex/ot-authorship-and-prophetic-tradition/), via [John 5.46-47](/codex/john-5-46-47/)
- [OT vs NT God Objection](/codex/ot-vs-nt-god-objection/), via [John 5.46-47](/codex/john-5-46-47/)
- [Penal Substitutionary Atonement](/codex/penal-substitutionary-atonement/), via [John 5.30](/codex/john-5-30/)
- [Resurrection](/codex/resurrection/), via [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/)
- [Resurrection of the Body](/codex/resurrection-of-the-body/), via [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/)
- [Son of Man Title](/codex/son-of-man-title/), via [John 5.27](/codex/john-5-27/)
- [Trinity Common Objections](/codex/trinity-common-objections/), via [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [Trinity vs Oneness vs Modalism vs Arianism](/codex/trinity-vs-oneness-vs-modalism-vs-arianism/), via [John 5.19-23](/codex/john-5-19-23/), [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [Young's Literal Translation](/codex/youngs-literal-translation/), via [John 5.24](/codex/john-5-24/)

**Lexicon:**

- [G0026 - agape](/codex/g0026-agape/), via [John 5.20](/codex/john-5-20/)
- [G0166 - aionios](/codex/g0166-aionios/), via [John 5.24](/codex/john-5-24/)
- [G0386 - anastasis](/codex/g0386-anastasis/), via [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/), [John 5.29](/codex/john-5-29/)
- [G1080 - gennao](/codex/g1080-gennao/), via [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [G1453 - egeiro](/codex/g1453-egeiro/), via [John 5.21](/codex/john-5-21/), [John 5.28-29](/codex/john-5-28-29/)
- [G2198 - zao](/codex/g2198-zao/), via [John 5.21](/codex/john-5-21/), [John 5.24](/codex/john-5-24/), [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [G2222 - zoe](/codex/g2222-zoe/), via [John 5.24](/codex/john-5-24/), [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [G2288 - thanatos](/codex/g2288-thanatos/), via [John 5.24](/codex/john-5-24/)
- [G2920 - krisis](/codex/g2920-krisis/), via [John 5.22](/codex/john-5-22/), [John 5.22-27](/codex/john-5-22-27/), [John 5.22-30](/codex/john-5-22-30/), [John 5.27](/codex/john-5-27/), [John 5.29](/codex/john-5-29/), [John 5.29-30](/codex/john-5-29-30/)
- [G3439 - monogenes](/codex/g3439-monogenes/), via [John 5.26](/codex/john-5-26/)
- [G3498 - nekros](/codex/g3498-nekros/), via [John 5.24-25](/codex/john-5-24-25/)
- [G3962 - pater](/codex/g3962-pater/), via [John 5.19-23](/codex/john-5-19-23/)
- [G4100 - pisteuo](/codex/g4100-pisteuo/), via [John 5.24](/codex/john-5-24/), [John 5.46](/codex/john-5-46/)
- [G5207 - huios](/codex/g5207-huios/), via [John 5.23-26](/codex/john-5-23-26/)
- [H0001 - ab](/codex/h0001-ab/), via [John 5.18-23](/codex/john-5-18-23/)
- [H6213 - asah](/codex/h6213-asah/), via [John 5.17-19](/codex/john-5-17-19/), [John 5.19](/codex/john-5-19/), [John 5.36](/codex/john-5-36/)
- [H8085 - shama](/codex/h8085-shama/), via [John 5.19](/codex/john-5-19/), [John 5.30](/codex/john-5-30/)

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## Notes

_Your annotations._

## Why these four translations

ris3n chose ASV, WEB, KJV, and YLT for two reasons together. They are the **most literal English translations available** (formal-equivalence: word-for-word renderings that preserve the Hebrew and Greek grammar rather than smoothing it into modern dynamic-equivalence idiom). And they are in the **public domain in the United States**, which means fair-use quotation at any length requires no publisher license. Modern licensed translations (NASB95, ESV, NIV) restrict volume of quotation under their copyright terms, so they are not used at stub-level coverage here. NASB95 appears only on hand-curated rich passage hubs under Lockman Foundation's fair-use allowance.

The four:

- **[ASV](/codex/asv/)** (American Standard Version, 1901). The basis of the modern critical-text English tradition.
- **[WEB](/codex/web/)** (World English Bible, contemporary). Public-domain revision in the ASV line, in current English.
- **[KJV](/codex/kjv/)** (King James Version, 1611). Reformation-era, Textus Receptus base.
- **[YLT](/codex/ylt/)** (Young's Literal Translation, Robert Young, 1862). Hyper-literal preservation of Hebrew and Greek grammar; useful for word-study work even where English reads stiff.

See [Bibles](/codex/bibles/) for the full per-translation history, translators, textual basis, strengths, and weaknesses.