# H5039 - nevalah

<!-- type: lexicon | created: 2026-07-06 | updated: 2026-07-06 -->

**Strong's:** [H5039](https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h5039/) · BLB lookup
**Pronunciation:** neh-vaw-LAH
**Part of speech:** feminine noun
**OT occurrences:** ~13 times
**Root:** from H5036 *nabal*, "fool, senseless, godless", the *nabal* is not merely intellectually deficient but morally and spiritually corrupt (cf. Psalm 14:1, "the fool says in his heart, there is no God").

## Semantic range

*Nevalah* is not ordinary foolishness. It is **disgraceful, wanton, morally outrageous conduct**, a crime that violates the covenant order and shames the community. BDB glosses it "senselessness, disgraceful folly; especially of sins of unchastity." It is the vocabulary of moral horror.

## "An outrage in Israel"

The word repeatedly appears in the fixed formula *nevalah beYisrael*, "an outrage / disgraceful thing in Israel," which brands an act as intolerable within the covenant people:

- **Genesis 34:7**, the rape of Dinah: Jacob's sons are grieved and angry "because he had done an outrage (*nevalah*) in Israel by lying with Jacob's daughter."
- **Deuteronomy 22:21**, sexual sin branded *nevalah*.
- **Joshua 7:15**, Achan's covenant-breaking called *nevalah*.
- **Judges 19:23-24; 20:6, 10**, the Gibeah atrocity against the Levite's concubine, repeatedly named *nevalah*, the outrage that ignites civil war.
- **2 Samuel 13:12**, Tamar to Amnon: "do not do this disgraceful thing (*nevalah*)."

In every one of these sexual-crime contexts, *nevalah* is the narrator's or a character's **moral verdict of condemnation.**

## Apologetic load

1. **Scripture condemns sexual violence in its own strongest moral vocabulary.** The recurring *nevalah* verdict is decisive against the claim that the Old Testament is indifferent to or approving of rape. When Dinah, Tamar, and the Gibeah concubine are violated, the text calls it an outrage in Israel. See [Rape Only Condemned When Unmarried Objection Defeater](/codex/rape-only-condemned-when-unmarried-objection-defeater/) and [Biblical Marriage Consent Objection Defeater](/codex/biblical-marriage-consent-objection-defeater/).
2. **Tamar's own word.** That Tamar names the impending act *nevalah* (2 Samuel 13:12) shows a woman's refusal treated as morally right and its override as disgraceful, directly relevant to the consent question.
3. **The moral-realism frame.** *Nevalah* presupposes an objective covenantal-moral order in which some acts are simply outrageous. This is the furniture an atheist objection borrows to condemn the very text that supplies it.

## Notable verses

- Genesis 34:7, the *nevalah* of Dinah's rape
- Deuteronomy 22:21, sexual sin as *nevalah*
- Judges 19:23-24; 20:6, the Gibeah outrage
- 2 Samuel 13:12, Tamar names it *nevalah*
- 1 Samuel 25:25, Nabal, whose name embodies the *nabal* root
- Job 42:8, Job's friends spoke *nevalah* about God (the non-sexual "godless folly" sense)

## See also

### Lexicon
- [H6031 - anah](/codex/h6031-anah/), the "violate/humble" verb these *nevalah* acts involve
- [H2388 - chazaq](/codex/h2388-chazaq/), the "overpower" verb of the forcible act
- [H6370 - pilegesh](/codex/h6370-pilegesh/), the concubine of Judges 19, victim of the Gibeah *nevalah*

### Concepts and defeaters
- [Rape Only Condemned When Unmarried Objection Defeater](/codex/rape-only-condemned-when-unmarried-objection-defeater/), the OT condemns rape
- [Biblical Marriage Consent Objection Defeater](/codex/biblical-marriage-consent-objection-defeater/)
- [OT Sexual-Violence Laws](/codex/ot-sexual-violence-laws/)