# Colossians 1.17 **Book:** [Colossians](/codex/colossians/) · NASB95 ## Verse > He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together. (Colossians 1:17, NASB95) ## Immediate context (±2 verses) **NASB95** ([NASB95](/codex/nasb95/)) > 15. He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation. 16. For by Him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities, all things have been created through Him and for Him. > > **17. He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together.** > > 18. He is also head of the body, the church; and He is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, so that He Himself will come to have first place in everything. 19. For it was the Father's good pleasure for all the fullness to dwell in Him. (Colossians 1:15-19, NASB95) The verse sits at the **structural pivot** of one of the New Testament's three great Christological hymns (alongside [Philippians 2.5-11](/codex/philippians-2-5-11/) and [John 1.1-18](/codex/john-1-1-18/)). Colossians 1:15-20 is widely understood by NT scholarship to be a pre-Pauline Christological hymn that Paul incorporates, already in liturgical use by the early Christian community within ~25 years of Christ's death. Verse 17 functions as the *axis* between the *creation* statements (vv. 15-16) and the *redemption / ecclesial* statements (vv. 18-20). ## Setting - **Speaker:** Paul the Apostle (with Timothy as co-sender per Col 1:1), incorporating an existing pre-Pauline hymn. - **Audience:** The church at Colossae (in the Lycus river valley, Asia Minor), a church Paul had not personally founded (Col 2:1 notes Paul had not seen them face to face); Epaphras planted the church (Col 1:7-8). The letter responds to a syncretistic heresy (the "Colossian heresy") that combined elements of Jewish ritualism, mystical-philosophical speculation, and proto-gnostic elements; the cosmic-Christology of vv. 15-20 directly counters this. - **Location:** Written from Paul's Roman imprisonment (Col 4:18, 4:10). - **Time period:** c. AD 60-62. The pre-Pauline hymn it incorporates is necessarily earlier, pushing back the dating of high Christology in the early church to within ~25 years of the crucifixion, a fact apologetically critical against late-development theories of Christ's deity (cf. Bauckham, Hurtado). ## Theological reading The verse contains **two distinct Christological claims**, each load-bearing for orthodox Christology: ### 1. *"He is before all things"*, pre-existence Christology The Greek *autos estin pro pantōn* (αὐτός ἐστιν πρὸ πάντων), "**He himself IS** [present tense] **before** [pro] **all things**." Two grammatical features carry weight: - **Present-tense *estin*** ("is"), not "was", the same eternal-present construction as [John 8.58](/codex/john-8-58/)'s *"before Abraham was, I AM"* (*prin Abraham genesthai egō eimi*) and [John 1.1](/codex/john-1-1/)'s *en archē ēn ho logos* ("in the beginning was the Word"). Christ does not "began" before all things; He IS, eternally and timelessly, before all things. - ***Pro pantōn*** ("before all things"), temporal-and-priority preposition; before in time AND before in dignity / source-relation. Christ pre-exists all created reality AND has logical-ontological priority to it. This is the same pre-existence Christology articulated in [John 1.1](/codex/john-1-1/) (*"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God"*), Philippians 2:6 (*"existing in the form of God"*), and Hebrews 1:3 (*"the radiance of His glory and the exact representation of His nature"*). The synoptic-Pauline-Johannine convergence on Christ's pre-existence, visible across writings of different authors, settings, and decades, is one of the strongest internal-coherence data points in NT Christology. ### 2. *"In Him all things hold together"*, sustainer Christology (the load-bearing apologetic claim) The Greek *ta panta en autō synestēken* (τὰ πάντα ἐν αὐτῷ συνέστηκεν), "**all things** *in Him* **hold together**." Three grammatical features: - ***Synestēken*** is the **perfect-tense form** of *synistēmi* (G4921, "to stand together, cohere, hold together"). The Greek perfect tense denotes a completed action with continuing present effect, *"have come together and continue to cohere."* Christ did not merely create all things at a past moment; He sustains their cohesion in an ongoing present. - ***En autō*** ("in Him"), the cohesion is *in Christ*, not merely *by* or *through* Him. The participial structure makes Christ the *sphere* within which cosmic order obtains, not just the agent who once arranged it. - ***Ta panta*** ("all things"), universal scope; not just the church, not just believers, not just the elect. The universe in its totality coheres in Christ's sustaining activity. This is the **sustainer Christology**, Christ as the ongoing cosmic-conserving cause. Without His continuous sustaining, the cosmos would not merely "have been created and then continue by inertia"; it would *cease to cohere*. The doctrine pairs with Hebrews 1:3 (*"upholds all things by the word of His power"*, *pherōn ta panta tō rhēmati tēs dynameōs autou*) as the New Testament's two clearest statements of this doctrine. The implication: cosmic order, the laws of physics, the constants of nature, the cohesion of matter and energy, is not autonomous-mechanical but is the moment-by-moment outflow of Christ's sustaining activity. Modern physics's puzzles about *why* the universe is intelligible, *why* mathematical laws apply, *why* fine-tuning obtains, the Christian answer is the same answer ancient Christians gave: because Christ holds it together. ### Apologetic deployment, the cosmological-cohesion argument The verse anchors a specific apologetic move: **the puzzle of cosmic intelligibility + fine-tuning + uniformity-of-nature has a Christological answer**. - **Why is the universe intelligible?** Because the same Logos who took flesh as Christ also structures and sustains the cosmos's rationally-knowable order (cf. [Argument from Intelligibility](/codex/argument-from-intelligibility/)). - **Why are the physical constants fine-tuned?** Because they are continuously sustained by an intelligent agent who set them at life-permitting values (cf. [Fine-Tuning Argument](/codex/fine-tuning-argument/)). - **Why is the future predictable from the past?** Because the same sustaining agent maintains ongoing cosmic cohesion (cf. [Argument from the Reliability of Reason](/codex/argument-from-the-reliability-of-reason/) applied to inductive reasoning). - **Why does the universe not collapse into chaos?** Because Christ holds it together, *en autō synestēken*. Note backlinks confirm this: ris3n's and both invoke Col 1:17 in the design / cosmological-coherence apologetic. ### Anti-Arian + anti-Nestorian + anti-gnostic deployment - **Against Arius**, the verse's pre-existence + sustainer claims foreclose Christ-as-creature. A creature cannot be *pro pantōn* (before all things) nor can a creature *sustain* the cosmos. Athanasius (*Discourses Against the Arians* 2.62-65, c. AD 358) deploys Col 1:15-17 as foundational against Arius's denial of the Son's full deity. - **Against Nestorius**, the unified-person Christ (the same one who took flesh) is also the cosmic sustainer; Nestorian division of Christ into separable divine-and-human persons cannot account for the singular Christ who is *both* incarnate redeemer (vv. 18-20) AND cosmic sustainer (vv. 15-17). [Cyril of Alexandria](/codex/cyril-of-alexandria/) (*On the Unity of Christ*, c. AD 438) develops this. - **Against gnostic-Colossian heresy**, the Colossian syncretists posited multiple intermediary cosmic powers (the "thrones, dominions, rulers, authorities" of v. 16); Paul's hymn collapses these as created BY Christ + held together IN Christ; no autonomous intermediary cosmos exists outside Christ's sustaining work. ### Patristic and Reformation reception - **Irenaeus** (*Against Heresies* III.16-17, c. AD 180), uses Col 1:15-17 against gnostic cosmologies; the same Christ who holds creation together is the one who became flesh - **Athanasius** (*Discourses Against the Arians* 2.62-65), central anti-Arian text - **[Cyril of Alexandria](/codex/cyril-of-alexandria/)** (*Commentary on Colossians*; *On the Unity of Christ*), unified-person Christology; the cosmic-sustainer is the same person as the incarnate Christ - **Augustine** (*De Civitate Dei* 12.25; sermons throughout), the verse grounds his account of providence as continuous-creation; God doesn't "create then leave" but sustains the world's existence at every moment - **Aquinas** (*Summa Theologiae* I, q. 104, a. 1, on the conservation of things in being), uses Col 1:17 as the scriptural anchor for the doctrine of *creatio continua* (continuous creation / divine conservation): created things would cease to exist apart from God's sustaining activity, not merely fail to flourish - **Calvin** (*Commentary on Colossians* 1:17), explicitly draws the providence implication: *"by His power all things continue in the same condition... Christ does not only sustain the universe by His infinite power, by which it was created, but He also rules it as His own work."* ## Key words (Greek) - *He is*, *ἐστιν* / *estin* (G2076), present-tense indicative of *eimi* ("to be"). Not *ēn* (was), present-tense eternal IS. Same construction as John 8:58 *egō eimi*. - *before*, *πρό* / *pro* (G4253), preposition with genitive: "before, in front of", temporal AND priority sense (before in time, before in dignity / source-relation). - *all things*, *πάντα* / *panta* (G3956), neuter plural: "all things, everything." Universal scope; cosmic comprehensive. - *hold together*, *συνέστηκεν* / *synestēken* (G4921), perfect-tense indicative of *synistēmi*: "to stand together, cohere, hold together." The Greek perfect = completed action with continuing present effect → "have come together and continue to cohere." Modern physics's "uniformity of nature" / "cosmic cohesion" is the secular description of what this verb claims theologically. - *in Him*, *ἐν αὐτῷ* / *en autō*: locative preposition. Christ is the *sphere* within which cohesion obtains, not merely the *agent* who once produced it. ## Cross-references - [Colossians 1.15](/codex/colossians-1-15/) / [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/), companion rich-hub passages in the same Christological hymn (already enriched) - [John 1.1](/codex/john-1-1/) / [John 1.1-3](/codex/john-1-1-3/), Logos + creation parallel - [Hebrews 1.3](/codex/hebrews-1-3/), *"upholds all things by the word of His power"*, the second great sustainer-Christology text; pairs with Col 1:17 - [1 Corinthians 8.6](/codex/1-corinthians-8-6/), *"one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we exist through Him"*, Pauline parallel - Acts 17.28, *"in Him we live and move and exist"*, Paul at the Areopagus citing pagan poet Aratus, but theologically aligned with Col 1:17's *en autō* - [John 8.58](/codex/john-8-58/), *"before Abraham was, I AM"*, pre-existence companion - [Genesis 1.1](/codex/genesis-1-1/), *"in the beginning God created"*, the cosmogonic anchor ## See also - [Trinity](/codex/trinity/), the doctrine of God within which the cosmic-sustainer Christ-claim sits - [Fine-Tuning Argument](/codex/fine-tuning-argument/), the cosmological-cohesion argument the verse anchors apologetically - [Argument from Intelligibility](/codex/argument-from-intelligibility/), companion cosmological-coherence argument - [Christ Was Made (Misread Proof-Texts)](/codex/christ-was-made-misread-proof-texts/), companion deity-of-Christ catalog - [Bible Verses](/codex/bible-verses/), master scripture index ## Quoted in **Arguments and defeaters:** - [100 Questions for Evolutionists](/codex/100-questions-for-evolutionists/) - [AI Consciousness Proves Mind Is Computation (Defeater)](/codex/ai-consciousness-proves-mind-is-computation-defeater/) - [Anointing Implies Subordination Objection Defeater](/codex/anointing-implies-subordination-objection-defeater/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [Anselms Four-Dimensionalist Eternity](/codex/anselms-four-dimensionalist-eternity/) - [Anyone Who Affirms Universals Must Affirm God](/codex/anyone-who-affirms-universals-must-affirm-god/) - [Aquinas Five Ways](/codex/aquinas-five-ways/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Argument from Consciousness](/codex/argument-from-consciousness/) - [Argument from Cosmology (Guillen)](/codex/argument-from-cosmology-guillen/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Argument from Intelligibility](/codex/argument-from-intelligibility/) - [Argument from Mathematics (Guillen)](/codex/argument-from-mathematics-guillen/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Argument from Origin of Life](/codex/argument-from-origin-of-life/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Argument from the Beauty-Mathematics Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-beauty-mathematics-convergence/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [Argument from the Continuance of Being](/codex/argument-from-the-continuance-of-being/) - [Argument from the Genetic Code](/codex/argument-from-the-genetic-code/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Argument from the Impossibility of an Actual Infinite Past](/codex/argument-from-the-impossibility-of-an-actual-infinite-past/) - [Argument from the One-and-the-Many Convergence](/codex/argument-from-the-one-and-the-many-convergence/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/), [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Argument from the Pre-Given Logos](/codex/argument-from-the-pre-given-logos/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Argument from the Reality of Mathematical Infinity](/codex/argument-from-the-reality-of-mathematical-infinity/) - [Argument from the Suns Origin](/codex/argument-from-the-suns-origin/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Cambrian Explosion Argument](/codex/cambrian-explosion-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Common Design vs Common Descent Argument](/codex/common-design-vs-common-descent-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Contingency Argument](/codex/contingency-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Convergent Evolution as Design Signal Argument](/codex/convergent-evolution-as-design-signal-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Did Jesus Send Muhammad Dilemma Argument](/codex/did-jesus-send-muhammad-dilemma-argument/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Edge of Evolution Argument](/codex/edge-of-evolution-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Fifth Way - Teleology](/codex/fifth-way-teleology/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Fine-Tuning Argument](/codex/fine-tuning-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [First Way - Motion](/codex/first-way-motion/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Hofweber Internalist Deflationism Objection Defeater](/codex/hofweber-internalist-deflationism-objection-defeater/) - [Interdependency Argument](/codex/interdependency-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Irreducible Complexity Argument](/codex/interdependency-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Jesus Has a God Therefore Not God Objection Defeater](/codex/jesus-has-a-god-therefore-not-god-objection-defeater/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/), [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Jesus Never Claimed to Be God Objection Defeater](/codex/jesus-never-claimed-to-be-god-objection-defeater/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Kalam Cosmological Argument](/codex/kalam-cosmological-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Manuscript Variants Bible Corruption Objection Defeater](/codex/manuscript-variants-bible-corruption-objection-defeater/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Meta-Ontological Argument for Theism](/codex/meta-ontological-argument-for-theism/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Miller-Urey Reframe Argument](/codex/miller-urey-reframe-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Molecular Machines Argument](/codex/molecular-machines-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Necessary Being is an Intelligent Mind](/codex/necessary-being-is-an-intelligent-mind/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Necessity of the Incarnation](/codex/necessity-of-the-incarnation/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Orphan Genes Argument](/codex/orphan-genes-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Paul Invented Christianity Objection Defeater](/codex/paul-invented-christianity-objection-defeater/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Performative Self-Refutation of Atheist Denial](/codex/performative-self-refutation-of-atheist-denial/) - [Phylogenetic Incongruence Argument](/codex/phylogenetic-incongruence-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Protein Sequence Space Argument](/codex/protein-sequence-space-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Quinean Rejection of Modal Logic Objection Defeater](/codex/quinean-rejection-of-modal-logic-objection-defeater/) - [RNA World Failure Argument](/codex/rna-world-failure-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Second Way - Efficient Causality](/codex/second-way-efficient-causality/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Signature in the Cell Argument](/codex/signature-in-the-cell-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Six Day Creation Falsified Objection Defeater](/codex/six-day-creation-falsified-objection-defeater/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Specified Complexity Argument](/codex/specified-complexity-argument/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Stealing from God Argument](/codex/stealing-from-god-argument/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [Third Way - Contingency](/codex/third-way-contingency/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Trinity Invented at Nicaea Objection Defeater](/codex/trinity-invented-at-nicaea-objection-defeater/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Universal Probability Bound](/codex/universal-probability-bound/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) **Concepts:** - [Access and Phenomenal Consciousness](/codex/access-and-phenomenal-consciousness/) - [Big Bang](/codex/big-bang/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Christ is God](/codex/christ-is-god/) - [Christ Was Made (Misread Proof-Texts)](/codex/christ-was-made-misread-proof-texts/) - [Christianity](/codex/christianity/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/), [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Christology](/codex/christology/) - [Christs Deity](/codex/christs-deity/) - [Concurrentism](/codex/concurrentism/) - [Conservation Laws](/codex/conservation-laws/) - [Divine Providence](/codex/divine-providence/) - [Father-Son Authority Asymmetry](/codex/father-son-authority-asymmetry/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [Foreknowledge vs Causation](/codex/foreknowledge-vs-causation/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Genesis Hermeneutics](/codex/genesis-hermeneutics/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/), [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Hypostatic Union](/codex/hypostatic-union/), via [Colossians 1.15-19](/codex/colossians-1-15-19/) - [Idealism](/codex/idealism/) - [Incarnation](/codex/incarnation/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/), [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Islamic Dilemma](/codex/islamic-dilemma/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Jehovahs Witnesses](/codex/jehovahs-witnesses/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [Kalimatullah](/codex/kalimatullah/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Law of Non-Contradiction](/codex/law-of-non-contradiction/) - [Laws of the Universe as Witness to Design](/codex/laws-of-the-universe-as-witness-to-design/) - [Lesson 4.5, Comparative Religion Engagement](/codex/lesson-4-5-comparative-religion-engagement/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Logos Christology](/codex/logos-christology/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Mathematical Intelligibility of Nature](/codex/mathematical-intelligibility-of-nature/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Miaphysitism vs Dyophysitism](/codex/miaphysitism-vs-dyophysitism/) - [Mormonism](/codex/mormonism/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [Occasionalism](/codex/occasionalism/) - [Old Testament Christology](/codex/old-testament-witness-to-the-deity-of-christ/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [One and the Many Problem](/codex/one-and-the-many-problem/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/), [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Oneness Pentecostalism](/codex/oneness-pentecostalism/), via [Colossians 1.15-19](/codex/colossians-1-15-19/) - [Origins and Cosmology](/codex/origins-and-cosmology/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [Panentheism](/codex/panentheism/) - [Pantheism](/codex/pantheism/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [Pre-Pauline Creeds](/codex/pre-pauline-creeds/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/), [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Tahrif](/codex/tahrif/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Trinity vs Oneness vs Modalism vs Arianism](/codex/trinity-vs-oneness-vs-modalism-vs-arianism/), via [Colossians 1.15-19](/codex/colossians-1-15-19/) - [Water and Life](/codex/water-and-life/) **People:** - [Avery Austin (God Logic)](/codex/avery-austin-god-logic/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/), [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Bart Ehrman](/codex/bart-ehrman/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Larry Hurtado](/codex/larry-hurtado/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) - [Paul the Apostle](/codex/paul-the-apostle/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) **Lexicon:** - [G2937 - ktisis](/codex/g2937-ktisis/), via [Colossians 1.15-17](/codex/colossians-1-15-17/) - [G3956 - pas](/codex/g3956-pas/) - [H1060 - bechor](/codex/h1060-bechor/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [H1697 - dabar](/codex/h1697-dabar/), via [Colossians 1.16-17](/codex/colossians-1-16-17/) - [H7218 - rosh](/codex/h7218-rosh/), via [Colossians 1.15-18](/codex/colossians-1-15-18/) **Guides:** - [02 Faith and Worldview](/codex/02-faith-and-worldview/), via [Colossians 1.15-20](/codex/colossians-1-15-20/) **Passages:** - [Acts 17.28](/codex/acts-17-28/) --- _Scripture quotations taken from the **New American Standard Bible®** (NASB), Copyright © 1960, 1971, 1977, 1995 by **The Lockman Foundation**. Used by permission. All rights reserved. [www.lockman.org](https://www.lockman.org)_