# 2 Peter 1.1 **Book:** [2 Peter](/codex/2-peter/) · NASB95 ## Verse > Simon Peter, a bond-servant and apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who have received a faith of the same kind as ours, by the righteousness of our God and Savior, Jesus Christ: (2 Peter 1:1, NASB95) ## Immediate context (±2 verses) > Simon Peter, a bond-servant and apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who have received a faith of the same kind as ours, by the righteousness of our God and Savior, Jesus Christ: Grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord; seeing that His divine power has granted to us everything pertaining to life and godliness, through the true knowledge of Him who called us by His own glory and excellence. (2 Peter 1:1-3, NASB95) ## Setting - **Speaker:** Simon Peter (apostle), writing as a pastoral letter - **Audience:** Believers in Asia Minor (same general recipients as 1 Peter 1:1: Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, Bithynia) - **Location:** Traditionally Rome (Peter's late ministry under Nero) - **Time period:** c. AD 64-68, immediately before Peter's martyrdom (cf. 2 Pet 1:14) ## Theological reading **The verse is the New Testament's clearest single application of *theos* ("God") to Jesus Christ via the Granville Sharp construction.** The decisive phrase, *τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ* ("of our God and Savior, Jesus Christ"), fits the Granville Sharp Rule precisely: when *kai* ("and") connects two non-proper-noun nouns of the same case and gender governed by a single article (*tou*), both nouns refer to the *same person*. The pattern here is article + noun-1 + *kai* + noun-2 + proper-noun-naming-the-referent. Both *theos* ("God") and *sōtēr* ("Savior") are bound under the single article *tou* and both refer to Jesus Christ. **Granville Sharp 1798** (*Remarks on the Uses of the Definitive Article in the Greek Text of the New Testament*) catalogued this construction across the Greek NT and identified ~80 instances; **Daniel B. Wallace** (*Granville Sharp's Canon and Its Kin*, Peter Lang 2009; *Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics*, Zondervan 1996) is the modern definitive treatment, defending the rule against late-19th-c. challenges and confirming its applicability in 2 Pet 1:1. **Murray J. Harris** (*Jesus as God*, Baker 1992) is the standard scholarly survey of the seven NT texts where *theos* is applied to Jesus (John 1:1, 1:18, 20:28, Romans 9:5, Titus 2:13, Hebrews 1:8, 2 Peter 1:1), 2 Pet 1:1 is one of the two clearest cases (with Titus 2:13). **Patristic deployment** of the verse against Arian subordinationism is well-attested. **Athanasius** (*Orationes contra Arianos* II.69, III.18) cites 2 Peter 1:1 to show that the apostolic witness names Jesus God simpliciter, refuting the Arian creature-status reading. **Irenaeus** (*Adversus Haereses* III.16.7, c. AD 180) applies *theos kai sōtēr* to Jesus in his anti-Gnostic argumentation, decades before the formal Trinitarian controversies. **Origen** (*Commentary on John* II.2-3) wrestles with the verse alongside John 1:1 in his pre-Nicene Christology. The verse appears in nearly every patristic refutation of subordinationist or adoptionist Christology where the writer can cite a Petrine apostolic authority. **Reformation engagement** is direct. **Calvin's *Commentary on 2 Peter* 1:1** (1551) reads the construction straightforwardly: *"He calls Christ both God and Savior… he asserts the divinity of Christ, which is also expressly declared in the same way Tit. 2:13."* **Luther's** lectures on the catholic epistles take the same reading. The Reformers found in 2 Pet 1:1 + Titus 2:13 a paired NT proof-cluster for Christ's full deity that did not depend on contested Trinitarian inferences from Old Testament texts. **Apologetic load.** The verse is a primary text in [defending NT Christology](/codex/christ-was-made-misread-proof-texts/) against Jehovah's Witness and Unitarian readings. The JW *New World Translation* renders 2 Pet 1:1: *"the righteousness of our God and the Savior Jesus Christ"*, inserting a definite article ("the") before "Savior" to break the Granville Sharp construction and produce two distinct referents. This violates the Greek (which has only one article governing both nouns) and is inconsistent with the same translation's handling of 2 Pet 1:11, 2:20, and 3:18 (where "Lord and Savior Jesus Christ" follows the identical Sharp pattern and the *NWT* renders it as referring to Jesus alone, exposing translation inconsistency motivated by Christological commitments rather than Greek syntax). The verse is thus apologetically decisive against subordinationist Christologies and load-bearing in the [Christology](/codex/christianity/) / [Trinity](/codex/trinity/) / [OT vs NT God Objection](/codex/ot-vs-nt-god-objection/) cluster. ## Key words (Greek) - **θεός / *theos* (G2316)**, God; predicated of Jesus here under the Sharp construction. See [G2316 - theos](/codex/g2316-theos/). - **σωτήρ / *sōtēr* (G4990)**, Savior; the second noun in the Sharp pair; classical-Greek title applied to gods and to Caesar in the imperial cult, here applied to Jesus alongside *theos*. See [G4990 - soter](/codex/g4990-soter/). - **δικαιοσύνη / *dikaiosynē* (G1343)**, righteousness; the *singular* divine attribute that grounds the gift of equally-precious faith, Christ's own righteousness as the basis of saving faith. See [G1343 - dikaiosyne](/codex/g1343-dikaiosyne/). - **ἰσότιμον / *isotimon* (G2472)**, *NT hapax legomenon* meaning "of equal value / equal privilege"; Peter affirms Gentile believers' faith is equally privileged with Jewish-apostolic faith, democratization of the apostolic-faith inheritance. ## Cross-references - **[Titus 2.13](/codex/titus-2-13/)**, paired Granville Sharp construction: *"the great God and our Savior, Christ Jesus"*, the other clearest NT *theos* application to Christ - **[John 1.1](/codex/john-1-1/)**, *theos ēn ho logos*, the Word was God - **[John 20.28](/codex/john-20-28/)**, Thomas's *"my Lord and my God"* applied directly to Jesus - **Romans 9.5**, *"Christ, who is God over all, blessed forever"* (contested punctuation; majority reading applies *theos* to Christ) - **Philippians 2:6-11**, *en morphē theou* + *Kyrios Iēsous Christos* - **Hebrews 1:8**, *"Your throne, O God"* applied to the Son via Ps 45:6 citation - **[1 John 5.20](/codex/1-john-5-20/)**, *"this is the true God and eternal life"*, Christ-referent reading ## Quoted in **Arguments and defeaters:** - [Anointing Implies Subordination Objection Defeater](/codex/anointing-implies-subordination-objection-defeater/) - [Anonymous Gospels Objection Defeater](/codex/anonymous-gospels-objection-defeater/) - [Jesus Has a God Therefore Not God Objection Defeater](/codex/jesus-has-a-god-therefore-not-god-objection-defeater/) - [Trinity Invented at Nicaea Objection Defeater](/codex/trinity-invented-at-nicaea-objection-defeater/) **Concepts:** - [Christ is God](/codex/christ-is-god/) - [Christ Was Made (Misread Proof-Texts)](/codex/christ-was-made-misread-proof-texts/) - [Christianity](/codex/christianity/) - [Christology](/codex/christology/) - [Christs Deity](/codex/christs-deity/) - [Lesson 2.4, Christology in One Lesson](/codex/lesson-2-4-christology-in-one-lesson/) - [Young's Literal Translation](/codex/ylt/) **People:** - [Peter the Apostle](/codex/peter-the-apostle/) **Lexicon:** - [G1401 - doulos](/codex/g1401-doulos/) - [G2316 - theos](/codex/g2316-theos/) - [G2320 - theotes](/codex/g2320-theotes/) - [G4990 - soter](/codex/g4990-soter/) - [H5650 - ebed](/codex/h5650-ebed/) **Passages:** - [1 John 1.1](/codex/1-john-1-1/) - [Hebrews 2.17](/codex/hebrews-2-17/) ## Notes The single Granville Sharp construction in 2 Pet 1:1 is the verse's apologetic center. The verse-cluster argument deploys 2 Pet 1:1 + Titus 2:13 as a *paired* attestation: two distinct NT writers (Peter and Paul), each using the identical Sharp construction with *theos kai sōtēr* applied to Jesus. The pairing closes the inference loop, even if a critic challenges Sharp's rule abstractly, the convergent independent NT witness in distinct authors makes the pattern impossible to attribute to single-author idiosyncrasy. The Petrine authorship debate (the verse's *prima facie* simplicity is sometimes taken as evidence against Petrine authorship, since later writers might have invoked it more carefully) does not affect the apologetic deployment: even on a non-Petrine pseudonymous-1st-2nd-c.-pseudepigraphical reading, the verse remains *canonical Christian apostolic witness* and remains 1st-2nd-c. proximate to the apostolic period, well before any Trinitarian formal development that critics might allege "imposed" deity-Christology on the texts. Together with [Mark 14:62](/codex/mark-14/) (Jesus's own *egō eimi* + Daniel 7:13 self-claim), [John 1.1](/codex/john-1-1/) / [John 20.28](/codex/john-20-28/), and [Hebrews 1.8](/codex/hebrews-1-8/), 2 Pet 1:1 forms the high-density NT Christological-deity proof-cluster that grounds [orthodox Christology](/codex/christianity/) against Arian, Adoptionist, and modern subordinationist readings. ## See also - [Christology](/codex/christianity/), domain hub - [Christ Was Made (Misread Proof-Texts)](/codex/christ-was-made-misread-proof-texts/), companion NT-Christology defense - [Trinity](/codex/trinity/), broader doctrinal frame - [OT vs NT God Objection](/codex/ot-vs-nt-god-objection/), Marcionite-style objection refuted in part by the *theos* attribution to Christ in NT - *Christ Is Lord*, devotional / apologetic concept hub --- _Scripture quotations taken from the **New American Standard Bible®** (NASB), Copyright © 1960, 1971, 1977, 1995 by **The Lockman Foundation**. Used by permission. All rights reserved. [www.lockman.org](https://www.lockman.org)_